The Causes of Poverty - Cultural vs. Structural Essay example -- Socio

Parsing out the influences of cultural and structural eventors leading to differential behaviors among the poor and nonpoor is a difficult challenge for sociologists concerned with stratification and inequality. This is largely due to the fact that they appear to be so heavily intertwined. Structural and cultural factors reinforce each other in complex ways. Pervasive cultural elements such as ideologies and values are used to frame and interpret existing socio-economic structures and their effects on single(a)s. Structural forces such as access to resources such as information, didactics and employment shape cultural views and attitudes as well. STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL FORCESStructural factors include the organizational and institutional forces in society that determine relative affectionate position such as the prestige level of associations, roles and jobs, economic and labor market forces, technology and laws (Wilson 2009). Structural factors also affect access to resources s uch as housing and education. Cultural factors include pervasive narratives and interpretations as well as common understandings and applied meanings, within groups of people (Wilson 2009). Culture can be overlap amongst varying size groups ranging from families to nations. Cultural sharing is generally limited to those who share a common physical space (Wilson 199666). Social interaction on the individual level leads to the sharing of cultural values, understandings and interpretations (Wilson 2009). Both structural and cultural factors have profound and complex effects on society, the individual and each other.The Relationship amongst Structure and CultureThe relationship between structure and culture is essentially reciprocal. Cultural changes... ...rty and revenue the detailed statistics of cities, towns, and counties being a compendium of the seventh nose count to which are added the results of every previous census, beginning with 1790. DC U.S. Census Bureau.U.S. Misery In dex. 2010. The United States Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate figures obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor. Web. 15 March 2013.http//www.miseryindex.us/urbymonth.asp?StartYear=1970-01&EndYear=2011-01&submit1=Create+ drawWilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears The World of the innovative Urban Poor. New York Random House, Inc._____. 2009. More Than Just Race Being Black and Poor in the Inner City. New York W. W. Norton & Company Inc.Young, Alfred A., Jr. 2004. The Minds of Marginalized Black Men Making Sense of Mobility, Opportunity, and Future Life Chances. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.

Korean Players in Major League Baseball Essay -- Major League Baseball

Even though Chan-Ho Parks case proved that Korean players could compete in Major League Baseball, no(prenominal) of other Koreans successfully settled in U.S.A. after Park. Approximately after ten years, a similar case with Parks debut came forbidden with Shin-Soo Choo. Shin-Soo Choo, who did not make a debut in Korean Baseball Championship before debuting in Major League Baseball, made debut with Seattle Mariners on 21 April 2005. Choo dreamed about Major League Baseball, which led him into a Rookie contract with Seattle mariners after his graduation from high school in 2000. Therefore, he made up to Seattle Marinerss Minor League and even up to Major League (Choo Shin Soo). Nonetheless, his debut in the Major League did not lead him into running for full gentle, and he mostly spent time in the minor league. Finally, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians in 2006. As soon as he was traded to Indians, he ironically hit a home run against the Seattle Mariners, and he reco rded a 0.295 batting Average and a 0.373 OBP (On Base Percentage) in 2006 season with the Cleveland. A similar quality of plays was continued until the season 2008. In 2008, Choo finished the season with a 0.309 Batting Average and a 0.397 OBP. Even more, during September, he pushed up his Batting Average up to a 0.40 with thirty-four hits and five home runs. Hence, Shin-Soo Choo was selected as the American League Player of the Month. In 2009, Choo made contract with Indians for unaccompanied one year, and during the one-year contract, he broke his records and joined 20-20 club (20 home runs and 20 stolen bases). Choo was the first Asian to earn the title in the Major Leagues and became the unless player in the American League with a 0.30 Batting Average, 20 home runs, and 20... ....com. Baseball-Reference.com. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Korean Baseball History. Naver Encyclopedia. NHN, Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Minami, Craig. 2013 Dodgers Review Hyun-jin Ryu - True juicy LA. True Blue LA. 4 N ov. 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Rosenbaum, Mike. Why the Los Angeles Dodgers Will Overpay for South Korean LHP Hyun-Jin Ryu. Bleacher Report. 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Shin-Soo Choo. Baseball Reference- BR Bullpen. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Shin-Soo Choo Batting Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Swaine, Rick. Jackie Robinson. SABR. Society for American Baseball Research. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.Wells, Adam. Ryu Hyun-Jin Dodgers Foolish Investment in Korean Star Will End Badly. Bleacher Report. 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.What Is Moneyball? SportingCharts.com. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.

Rebellion in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale :: Handmaids Tale

Rebellion in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Rebels defy the rules of society, risking everything to retain their humanity. If the world Atwood depicts is chilling, if God is losing, the only hope for optimism is a vision that includes the inevitability of human struggle against the public order. -Joyce Johnson- Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale analyzes human nature by presenting an internal negate in Offred abideance of current social trends (victim mentality) -vs- resistance for the sake of individual welfare and liberties (humanity). This conflict serves as a warning to society, about the dangers of the general acceptance of social evils and boldly illustrates the internal struggle that rebels face in choosing to rebel. Offred is a Handmaid in the republic of Gilead and while she seems unhappy about this, she is confused about her identity and nonetheless starts to accept the role that has been imposed upon her. It seems strange that one might accept such radical change s so easily. Offred has been manipulated into believing that this sinister system was de sign for her own good. Peter S. Prescott says Offred at first accepts assurance that the new order is for her protection. (151) She must(prenominal) lie on her back once a month and hope that commander makes her pregnant because her sole purpose is to act as a vessel. She even starts to measure her self-worth by the viability of her ovaries and this negatively affects her self-image. This is how Offred characterizes the deploring act The commander is fucking. What he is fucking is the lower part of my body. I dont say making love because thats not what he is doing. Copulating too would be inaccurate because it would imply two people,when there is only one. Nor does rape cover it. Nothing was going on here that I havent signed up for. There wasnt a lot of choice, but there was some and this is what I chose. (Atwood,121) This statement is very dangerous. It shows how Offred has convinced hersel f that this deploring act is not so bad. It besides shows how she is beginning to embrace the system and justify the violations that are being commited against her. By calling it a choice she has shifted the blame from her oppressors to herself and labeled the blatant crime as a mere ritual. Offred shows signs of a developing victim mentality where she accepts defeat and associates the regimes will with her own.

the koran Essay -- essays research papers

The KoranThe document the Koran is written through Gods impact on peoples present situation and their situation in the next world, which is called the revelation of God. Further revelations to Muhammad were copied word for word in what came to be the Quran, or Koran. The message offered Arabs a faith founded on a book. The Koran also tells us that Muhammad was sent to all in order to present a message understandable to everyone in the world, the Koran had to speak a language that everyone could understand. Muhammad was simply Gods messenger and that he merited no finical veneration or worship (Kishlansky 211). The Koran had to address the simple and the sophisticated, the shepherd and the philosopher, the scientist and the artist.The Koran elaborates on the ways in which the followers of the prophets, specifically the Jews and the Christians, have or have not lived up to the visionary messages. It issues instructions on how to live a life pleasing to God. It tells people that they should pray, fast, and take care of the needy. If ye make your alms to appear, it is tumesce but if ye conceal them, and make them unto the poor, this will be better for you, and will remove some of your sins and God is well informed of that which ye do (Kishlansky 146). This means if you give yourself to others you will be rewarded by God. It goes into great detail concerning human interrelationships - such as laws of inheritance and marriage in a manner reminiscent of split of the Hebr...

Effect of African Americans on World War II Essay -- segregation and di

Throughout history, many groups have been segregated at one point or an another(prenominal). These groups included essential Americans, Jews, and many many more. Some groups accepted their fate, while others fought to prove who they really were. Really overall, African-Americans at the time of World warfare II were one of the nearly segregated and oppressed groups of all time. However, instead of accepting their fate, they chose to prove who they were and are by means of fighting and other means, such as demonstrations. African-Americans helped in World state of war II through the 761st Tank Battalion, the Tuskegee Airmen, and other actions off the frontline.Before World War II, although Abraham Lincoln had spoken the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the U.S. had gone through the Civil War around 1861, not much had significantly changed for African-Americans. Really nothing changed for African-Americans until much later, around the 1960s, when schools legally had to integrat e African-Americans and whites. In relation to other events, World War II began in 1939, Jackie Robinson started on first base in 1947, and Rosa Parks was arrested in 1961. Therefore, at the time leading up to and shortly before World War II, there was not much effective action in terms of equal rights for all races. However, as seen here, by and by World War II, equality between races became a very prominent, pressing issue. This can partially be traced back to the effect of African-Americans in World War II.One of the first groups that come to mind when people think of African-Americans in World War II is the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of all African-American fighters who direct the charge for equal rights of all races in World War II. They were the first African-Americans... ...en Training for War War Record This website is reliable because it is the website of a commemorative deprivation Tail group that honors the Tuskegee Airmen.Women In Military Serv ice For America Memorial. Women In Military Service For America Memorial. Accessed March 30, 2014. http//www.womensmemorial.org/Education/BBH1998.html.4.This website is reliable because it is a website make to educate and teach about women in the military.

Effect of African Americans on World War II Essay -- segregation and di

Throughout history, many groups have been segregated at hotshot point or another. These groups include Native Americans, Jews, and many many more. Some groups accepted their fate, while others fought to prove who they really were. Really overall, blacks at the time of gentlemans gentleman War II were one of the most segregated and oppressed groups of all time. However, instead of accepting their fate, they chose to prove who they were and are through fighting and other means, such as demonstrations. African-Americans helped in realness War II through the 761st Tank Battalion, the Tuskegee Airmen, and other actions off the frontline.Before World War II, although Abraham Lincoln had spoken the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the U.S. had bypast through the Civil War around 1861, not much had significantly changed for African-Americans. Really nothing changed for African-Americans until much later, around the 1960s, when schools legally had to integrate African-Americans and whites. In sexual intercourse to other events, World War II began in 1939, Jackie Robinson started on first base in 1947, and Rosa Parks was arrested in 1961. Therefore, at the time track up to and shortly before World War II, there was not much effective action in terms of equal rights for all races. However, as seen here, after World War II, equality between races became a very prominent, pressing issue. This can partially be traced back to the effect of African-Americans in World War II.One of the first groups that come to mind when people think of African-Americans in World War II is the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of all African-American fighters who led the charge for equal rights of all races in World War II. They were the first African-Americans... ...en Training for War War Record This website is reliable because it is the website of a commemorative Red Tail group that honors the Tuskegee Airmen.Women In Military Service For America Memorial. Women In Military Service For America Memorial. Accessed March 30, 2014. http//www.womensmemorial.org/Education/BBH1998.html.4.This website is reliable because it is a website made to educate and teach about women in the military.

Exploring The Novel Poisonwood Bible And Macbeth English Literature Essay

The drama Macbeth by William Shakespeare and the fresh Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, are literary plants that explore the deep desires of self fulfilment. While many different literary devices are outstanding in both plants, this paper will concentrate on the intervention of subjects by both writers. Namely the subjects of reason and stop. These subjects are best highlighted in Lady Macbeth from Macbeth and Nathan Price from the Poisonwood Bible. These two characters best develop the subjects of causation and book through their shared features of aspiration, use and unpityingness.Ambition is a reoccurring tool of character development in both The Poisonwood Bible and Macbeth, employed by the writers to stress the general subjects of occasion and control. Nathan is a clergyman from America in the Congo trying to conform the subtile town of Kilanga to the Catholic religion. His aspiration and motivations are powered by fright and blind religion in God, coupled with des ire for personal power-which he self interestedly translated into taking control of the small town and holding power over the people. He besides believes that if he does non finish the undertaking he will be unable to come in heaven. His aspiration begins to over power his judgement, his ability to ground and his construct of household, which causes the small town people to beat up against him to seek and re derive their freedom and independency hence practice session their ain signifier of power and re-enforcing the overall subjects. Unlike Nathan s gradual and increased aspiration, Lady Macbeth s aspiration is instantly apparent from the beginning of the drama, and solely grows as the desire for the throne and its power direct her over the b aim. She right off begins to piece a program to kill King Duncan in order to put her hubby Macbeth in line of credit for the throne. This compulsion drives her insane, and like Nathan her ability to ground, her judgement and her scruples ar e clouded by her demand for power and control. She acted in ways that showed that she would halt at nil in order to derive the throne even if it meant slaying. Both characters became so ambitious in their lying-ins to derive power and wield control, that it finally drives them to their ain deceases.Manipulation is another changeless, though more subtly employed, word picture tool in both plants. She manipulated Macbeth into killing Duncan, in order to derive the rubric of King and Queen. Lady Macbeth ironically, felt excessively guilty to kill Duncan herself-due to resemblance to her father-however, had no scruple or concern for Macbeths conscious when she manipulated him into killing his friend. In order to carry through this she began oppugning Macbeth s manhood, seeking to convert him that he was emasculate -hence weaker so she, so she and that he could non step up to the undertaking of killing Duncan. This mental use made him oppugn his judgement, which led to him going really baffled. In the terminal her uses were successful, assisting her achieve the power and control she so greatly desired. Nathan like Lady Macbeth, abused his household in order to acquire what he wanted. The villagers had become so fed up with Nathan seeking to hold in them and their faith that they rebelled, killing all the white people in their small town. Nathan s married woman and kids are in secret fixing to subscribe away to America, but Nathan, out of fright of solitariness, begins to mistreat and pull strings his married woman, and endanger the lives of his kids, in order to acquire them to stay in the small town and let him to go on his quest. This maltreatment and use allowed Nathan to recover power and control over his household, while doing them even more anguish as they impotently watch the deceases of many people they loved. Both Lady Macbeth and Nathan s uses and evident deficiency of guilt over them, show to the audience merely how remorseless both characters are.Th is pitilessness is a 3rd of import manner the characters are both developed and the subjects enriched. Nathan is so determined to complete the quest God send him to make that he forgot his ethical motives and committed awful Acts of the Apostless in order to obtain power over the small town people and control over his household ensuing in the loss of many guiltless lives. His chief distressing act of pitilessness was working his girls and coercing them to remain in the Congo so that he could keep his control over them while the villagers fought for their freedom. These egoistic actions resulted in the decease of his four girls and married woman, go forthing him entirely. Lady Macbeth was far more pitiless so Nathan, upon hearing that Macbeth was to be king she immediately began to inquire God to do her into more of a adult male in order to be able to perpetrate slaying. Come, you spirits that tend on moral ideas, unsex me here, a?a?And make full me, from the Crown to the toe, Top-f ull of direst inhuman treatment. a?a?A Make midst my blood. ( Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V ) . She lost her scruples wholly and began to move without witting in the effort to derive the throne, her symbols of power and control. Lady Macbeth increasingly becomes more pitiless, until she does non even question the idea of killing Duncan in order to be following in line to the throne, she is over whelmed in her ain desires, that she forgot about everything else that use to affair.Throughout both Macbeth and the Poisonwood Bible both writers develop their several characters of Lady Macbeth and Nathan Price by set off their picks and actions through aspiration, use and pitiless action. These characters therefore serve to foreground the overall subjects of power and control in both plants. Both Nathan and Lady Macbeth sacrificed everything for power and control non recognizing the true cost. Nathan losingss his full household and is left to populate entirely, and Lady Macbeth looses her saneness, driving herself to take her ain life. Their battle for power and control wrecked many lives and in the terminal their several triumphs was so little that it all did non look worth the attempt.COMPARATIVE ESSAYHavingLady Macbeth from Shakespear s MacbethandNathan Price from the Poisonwood BibleBy Tori SkotFor Ms.ZaikosJanuary 7, 2008

Challenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facilitator Essay

Dual Relationship Challenges A intermediary is an impartial third companionship who meets with two or more slew to encourage and facilitate communication in order to reach an agreement or conclusion over a conflict that exists between the two parties. The mediator is not the decision maker. The two parties and not the mediator will make the final decision. It is the legal and ethical personal credit line of the mediator to keep all communication confidential unless otherwise specified (The Association of Attorney-Mediators, 2001).The mediator should never choice any superstar side or force one party to agree with the other. Because mediators are neutral, their personal beliefs and values can be a challenge. There are legal, moral, and ethical issues that mediators have to tackle when they deal with the parties conflicts. The mediator has to assure that each party is comfortable and know that their issues and thoughts are heard. It is important the mediator remain bias. Personal Pe rceptionMediators and advocates are the vital to the human go field. Their clients depend on the mediator to inform them of their rights. They do not know the laws and the procedures that protect them. That is why mediators and advocates there to assist them. Personal Philosophy and Approach The service that are provided at the Planned Parenthood Agencies, I feel are important. Most soon to be, parents are teen who have no idea on how to tell their parents or guardians that they are expecting.The mediator at Planned Parenthood (the counselor) will be the one that will assist them on informing their parents or guardians and be the neutral party that will answer them to determine the next step. Whether it be abortion, adoption or to keep the baby. The mediator is has no personal saki in the family but they do have to accept the decision of the family no matter what their personal beliefs are. Planned Parenthood is trusted health care providers, cognizant educators, passionate advo cates, and a global partner helping similar organizations around the world.Planned Parenthood delivers vital sex education and information to millions of women, men, and young people worldwide (Parenthood) . They are mediators must remain neutral if they really want to help the families through their difficult ordeal because it takes a person who can help the two parties come to a civilized decision about their issues. Conclusion It is important that human service professionals who are mediators and advocates remain neutral when assisting parties with their issues.

Cyberschools: Education and Students

Over the years, technology has grown dramastically causing more schools to teach students over the web via Skype, telecasting chats, and companyroom discussions. Cyberschools are not for everyone, but it is an online school that allows students to take most or all their required courses online to obtain a diploma, certificate, or the proper fosterage for a job. In this essay, I will argue the benefits of cyberschools creating a better learning environment and providing a better education to prepare students to be prosperous later in life.Cyberschools is an alternative to traditionalistic school where students are allowed to just focus on their education without all the pressure coming from a traditional school. The growth of cyberschools is presented in the statistics, which In 2008, 44 states offered significant online learning options for the estimated 1,030,000 students who are enrolled in online or blended full-time and supplemental courses. This represents a growth of 47 % since 2006 (Kowch, 2009).Cyberschools will create a better learning environment and provide a better education for students first, students can learn in the comfort of their own, or on the go without sitting in a room with all the distractions. For example, students that call for parents in the military and that are deployed across seas, will not stimulate to worry about missing assignments where they can go to any computer with internet access and complete that assignments and post to the discussion questions.Also, students do not take a shit to worry about all the distractions that comes with traditional schools such as talking in class, bullies, and students coming to class late. Secondly, students have the options of choosing their program of choice and they have the tractability when and where to take their courses, and how many hours they put into their studies. As well as, cyberschools allows students to work on their own time and at a pace that fit that students agenda . In the flexibility of cyberschools, it allows students if it is allowed by their instructors to work ahead in their courses.However, they do not have a set limit when they need to be in class during school. In addition, cyberschool would be great for professional students that have a job and have little time to set in a class setting in taking classes, which cyberschool provides the online learning that they need in completing their education without the middle man and distractions. Third, In cyberschools provides a better education and environment for students, is that the students can communicate with their instructors and classmates via e-mail or through their student portal without having to go a traditional school.Also, parents of students that are in pre-k and high schools attending cyberschools are more involved in their childs education and they can keep track on how that student progress in their courses from day-to-day. Although, Cyberschools might not be for everyone, b ut it does have its benefits and advantages when it comes to students that have had a bad experience in traditional school from bullying and single parents that do not have babysitters, and professional students that want to go back to school, but do not have the time for taking courses in a class setting.

America Needs Its Nerds Essay

The socially and physically inept, the outcasts, often associated with computers and books- these characteristics constitute the stereotype of the average geek. Students are afraid to give out their identities in an environment among their peers because of the fear of being an outcast among the idolized jocks. In an excerpt from America Needs Its Nerds Harvard student and writer Leonid Fridman expresses his disgust for the unjust discourse of individuals who are essential to our country- the geeks. He addresses the American public with a call to action to put geeks into their deserved positions, giving them hope and motivation to express their confess identities. Fridman utilizes irony when discussing how even Harvard students are being picked on, as well as the compare and contrast between Americas discouraging treatment of the dweeb to East Asia and Chinas praising of them, to represent how the fear of social rejection has forced these mistreated judgements to hide their acade mic capabilities.Leonid Fridmen is disappointment with the fact that even at Harvard, one of the top Ivy League colleges, students are still picked on because of their levels of intellect. It is ironic that even at one of the top colleges in America where nerds and geeks overlook the realm of the school that anti-intellectualism is rampant. Social standing competes with intelligence even at the most academic institution, showing America that students are ashamed of their intellect because of the negative stereotypes society degraded them with. Fridman also employs irony when referring to getting wasted at parties by describing how nerds avoid damaging their brain and bodies, but are punished socially for notphysically hurting themselves.Fridmans call to action addresses the American public as being erroneous in their actions of idolizing the nonintellectual while degrade the studious intellectuals when he compares Americas academic values to those of East Asias. In America, athlet es and celebrities are rewarded and more prevalent in society and so those interest in pursuing academics. With these characteristics of our society, it is impossible to compete in the technology rate or be a leading political and cultural force with former(a) countries who encourage academics rather than reject the individuals who excel in it.Fridmans belief of demeaning the intellectual is a continual paradigm in our society today. In 2003, Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to be the Governor of California however, it was primarily for his name recognition as a body builder and film star, lacking any pose working in government. Although Schwarzenegger lacked the intellectual knowledge he needed, he was elected because the public idolized him. The public is more interested in the media and athletics and discharge to realize the important impact researchers and intellects have on our world.Colleges pay college athletic coaches more than the professors working at an institution. Americans pay more on professional sports then they do to fund cancer research or education. As USA Today wrote, You can get a Nobel Prize at your university and you wont get anywhere near that attention. And so I think between the public and the media, they are telling us what they value. The public is involved, and often times addicted, to athletes or social media and reject the academically motivated as outcasts from the ideal society. Unfortunately, this public is unaware of the capabilities of academic achievement and the progress it has brought us in our world.

Anthropology

ANTH100 Assignment 1 Heather Hartwig American Military University October 21, 2012 Assignment 1 1) argue what evolution is in terms of physical anthropology. Evolution refers to change every(prenominal)place term. In terms of physical anthropology, evolution is changes everywhere time in living organisms. This means that living things consume passed their traits from one generation to the next. There atomic number 18 very little changes that occur with each generation, barely over time these changes accumulate in each living organism.It is imagined that each(prenominal) life on Earth has familiar ancestry that lived much than 3. 5 billions of years ago (Park, 2008). 2) Define evolution. Evolution is defined as the idea or scientific theory that was proposed by Charles Darwin. Darwin believed that all species changed and evolved by natural selection from the same common ancestors. Evolution simply means that a species undergoes genetic change over time. Over many generati ons a species can evolve into something different. These changes take place because of changes in DNA, which originated as mutations.Not all species evolve at the same rate. The theory of evolution does non prove that species go away constantly evolve or how fast the species will change when it does (Park, 2008). 3) Discuss what a physical anthropologist may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Paleoanthropology is a branch of paleontology that waterfall under physical anthropology. Paleoanthropologists study extinct order Primates and fossils. They use these examinations to further investigate the evolution of gentlemans gentleman.They examine ancient humans, like the anthropoids. Anthropoids argon considered humans adjacent relative and have been linked to human evolution (Coyne, 2009). 4) Discuss how a physical anthropologist would study your answer for Q3 and wherefore it is helpful for studying evolution. Paleoanthropologists are fit to study evolution by exam ining fossils and ancient humans. They do this by investigating the fossil record and continue to make additions all the time. The first identifiable multicellular organism formed about 585 million years ago.The earliest fossil of the primate can go back before the extinction of the dinosaur over 65 million years ago. Bones and teeth were discovered in Montana and Wyoming (Park, 2008). Even though on that point was primate like evidence before the dinosaur extinction, (Shipman, 2012). 5) date at least one outdoor(a) stem related to your answer for Q3 and Q4 (e. g. the genome project for DNA- do not use this example in your paper since it is fork overd for you). My outside source for questions 3 and 4 is a journal by Pat Shipman titled Fossils.This journal was published in The New Scientist Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16. 6) Briefly force the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolution. It is a journal that discusses fossils of early life and evolution. It gives f interprets and information pertaining to the timelines, type and the formation of fossils. 7) Choose a second subfield of anthropology heathen, linguistic, or archeology. I chose Archaeology as my second subfield of anthropology. 8) Discuss how an anthropologist in this subfield would study evolution.Park defines archeology as a subfield of anthropology that studies the past kitchen-gardening of humans and reconstructs the past cultural systems that existed. He goes on to say that they study cultures and people that are no longer living (Park, 2008). Archaeology reconstructs past cultural systems. Archaeology began as a system of find outing places and objects that were already k straightn from historical records. It has become a very resourceful means of discovering new information not only about the historical occlusion but in like manner about years beyond the reach of written investigational facts.The purpose of archaeology is not only to recover ancient artifact s but to identify the relationship that these objects may have had with early human life. It also shows how early human order Primates and modern humans are closely related. 9) Discuss what an anthropologist from your chosen subfield may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Archaeologists have investigated fossils and remains of early humans and primates to show how human posture has changed over the years.The information that has been collected shows us a timeline of how much we have evolved since the discovery of the earliest human remains (Park, 2008). 10) Discuss how an anthropologist from your chosen subfield would study your answer for Q9, and why it is helpful for studying evolution. Archaeologists have reconstructed human and primate remains that they have discovered to show how closely we are related to each other. They have used the information that they discovered to prove that humans have evolved from and can be compared to the primate species.Compared to ea rlier species, modern humans have evolved into a more(prenominal) upright species. Early humans were found to have a more curved posture (Palmer, 2010). The archaeological information that is recorded proves that there is another account for our species other than what is believed by many. The Bible teaches that we were created by God. However, archaeologists make a strong case that contradicts what the Bible teaches. 11) Find at least one outside source related to your answer for Q9 and Q10. My source for questions 9 and 10 is Origins Human Evolution Revealed by Douglas Palmer. 2) Briefly describe the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolutionThis book goes into feature on the story of the origins of the human species. It goes into detail about the journey of apes and humans. It compares and contrasts the differences as well as the similarities between early human species and the modern human species. 13) Discuss how the study of evolution between physica l anthropology and your chosen subfield compare and contrast. Paleoanthropology and archaeology go hand in hand, because they both study fossils, extinct primates and the remains of early humans.They generally work together when investigating a site where artifacts have been discovered. The team work and information that is provided between paleoanthropology and archaeology gives us a emend understanding of how humans have evolved into the modern species that we are today. 14) Conclude by discussing one new piece of information you versed about evolution. The one piece of information that I have learned about evolution is that I cannot solely base my understanding of how the human species became establish off of my beliefs from the Bible.I understand now that scientific research has given factual information on how humans can and have evolved from ancient remains of primates and early humans. I will maintain that I believe that God did create us to an extent. However, I specify t hat his creations have continued to evolve into the species that are here on earth today.References Palmer, Douglas. 2010. Origins human evolution revealed. Octopus Books, USA. New York, NY. Park, Michael A. 2008. Introducing anthropology an integrated approach. Fourth edition. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. Shipman, Pat. 2012. Fossils. The new scientist. Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16.AnthropologyAnthropology is the scientific study of humans as social organisms and how they interact with each other in a social gathering or community set up. It entails the study of humans past, chip in and evolution of the cultural, physical stature, linguistic traits and archaeology. An anthropologist interest lies in comprehending human diversity and way of life in an explicit manner. The four main branches of anthropology which include biological, cultural, archaeology and linguistic clearly elaborate what it entails to be human (Lavenda-2013).Biological anthropology talks of how the evolution of hu mans is genetically influenced and not enhanced by the surroundings. heathen anthropology is come to on the study of structural system of individuals sharing a common belief or norm. Linguistic anthropology majorly revolves round the psychology of s pee-peech, structure and function in humans. Lastly, archaeology is based on the systematic revealing of fossils through excavation, dating the fossils to determine the period of usage and analysis.Anthropology mainly seeks to familiarize the unfamiliar with proven facts and provide knowledge that deciphers facts from fiction.Cultural anthropology is a very enticing concept of anthropology because it does not only enable one to accept and appreciate cultural diversity but also develop globally conscious individuals. As mentioned earlier, this aspect of anthropology explicitly studies human cultures, belief, daily routine, values, ideas, technical economies and domains of social and cognitive organization (Lavenda-2010).There are twain means by which an anthropologist can study culture due to its abstract nature empiricist approach, whereby he mainly relies on observation of the human behavior in a particular community set-up and subjective approach in which the researcher understands the structure of ideas and meanings that exist in a member a certain culture. The naif perception that I personally had about humanity has been scraped off as a result of the in-depth study of cultural anthropology.Individuals and communities were initially characterized by their social, economical and semipolitical factors within their localities. Evolutionism has showed a conceptual comprise due to the easy interaction of individuals as a result of the modern evolution of technology that has made every corner of the world accessible to any person. The level of interactions between individuals from a similar ecology niche has almost become non-existence due to the replacement with television receiver programs, movies and social electronic devices.Despite this, the social interaction circle has grown larger as a result of technology which enables an individual interact with more people different from parts of the world over a short period of time. This study has personally helped me get over the notion that Muslims are associated with terrorism. I initially felt fear when I was in an environment filled with Muslims well, not Muslims alone but any individual wearing a veil.This loosely applied to Muslim women that wear the veils covering up their faces, leaving out the eyes. I can attribute this fear from to the society I grew in I was used to my Christian community before I came to campus. The laws and beliefs we had were so strict that we feared other dominions, this seclusion was driven into us by the clergy to make us believe that people that had different beliefs and practices were potential risks and could harm us at any time. The primitive notion that was instilled in me always had a bearing to this question if they are good people, why do they find it relevant to cover their faces that much? The definite answer was that they had something to hide not only secrets but sinister motives. sacred profiling and the threats that came to our country and get aired on national television also cultivated the fear in me. It would have never reached this power point if my parents would not have been reacting to the issue with so much disgust as they used to do. My elementary and high school environments were more or less the same because all my schooling up to university level were based in the same strictly Christian district.There were some primitive practices we used to do that I now see them to have been very hurting if not shameful to the face of evolution and humanity at large there was no shaking of hands or exchanging pleasantries with non-Christians, no accepting gifts from them and worst still, avoid all conversations. I cant imagine that I would literally snob them I must admi t that I had a tough time adjusting to the campus environment.I was always tensed in my first semesters when a non Christian would sit next t me. I dream up a particular case when I came to a lecture late and found all seats occupied except one next to Sikh, I literally missed that 2 hour lecture and had to struggle with my continuous assessment test. It is during that course that I made a turning point and my point was later boosted when I got to learn about anthropology. The struggle I had in my first continuous assessment test was the same one I had in the second.Ironically, the Sikh boy who I was evading was the same one that noticed my problem and came to help. At first I was adamant but with lack of options I belief why not give it a try. I must admit that that is the sweetest memory I accord dear and use it to enlighten my rural kin later on. With that act of compassion I learnt that religion does or dress code does not define someones character. Study of anthropology has helped know the value that I hold about my culture and the justifications I give to the are the same ones that any other person would give in support to their religion and culture.It also taught me that judgment or profiling others because f ethnicity and background is a heinous notion if everyone was to discriminate then the world would be an unbearable place to stay. All we could be witnessing are endless fights and ultimate wars. Cultural anthropology thus, aims at enabling the native of a particular culture objectively and rationally understands their own culture to generalize what makes them stand out from the other cultural groups hence upholding the aspect of self acceptance.Besides, it enables one apply the knowledge gained from familiarizing with different cultures to alleviate human challenges and misconceptions sort of than causing ethnic conflicts. The collective study of different cultures enables scholars to identify the similarities and unique aspect of various cul tures, hence embracing diversity.ReferencesRobert H LavendaCore concept in cultural anthropologyRobert H LavendaAnthropology What does it mean to be human?AnthropologyFrom ruttier to rummies A Contribution toward the Ethnography of Peeling. In Cultural Anthropology A Sampler. Up. 19-22. 2. Elliot Rolling objectives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors In public restrooms. I believe he did meet his objectives because he was able to observe them Pee. 3. As stated before, the method that Rings used to research his report was to observe males urinate. I feel Like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually elate their privacy.Although, the only way to actually understand the culture behind males urinating is to actually observe their behaviors so I think that his method was inappropriate but necessary. 4. The authors findings started off not in the bathroom, but actually led up to why a male goes into the bathroom. While in a social group , one must withdraw themselves from the group by some sort of excuse or statement like saying, l have to go to the bathroom. He further discusses that bathrooms could also be used as a social setting.For example, in high school hanging UT in the hall ways was not allowed, yet if students met up in the bathrooms, they could hangout and talk without the disturbance of a teacher. Going on, he discovers that peeing is the activity primarily intended by Males. He discovers that men prefer to have there own personal space of one urinal to the left and right. This becomes violated when one another know each other. Another key fact that Rings realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep theyre eyes to themselves.If one was to look at another man, this might invite the suspicion of nonsexual interest. Also, he notices the shaking of the penis to get the refinement drops out, even though no matter how much shaking you do, when you finish up and walk out the ba throom, the last drops of pee come out and onto your pants. He concludes that Americans value three things privacy, masculinity, and cool. And infers that elimination patters are intimately linked with a cultures system of values. 5. I think that the signification of the work is trying to understand how people learn the etiquette of using the bathroom without formally being taught.In class we learned bout ethnography, which is the description of a culture through an observer. In the article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an Interesting topic because many people would not think twice about the fact that there was so much that went Into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test subject stand at certain urinals and see which urinals random strangers would consistently use to get better and accurate Information. Anthropology By agrarian 2 October 2013 1. Orrin Elliot 1975 From Ruttier to Rummies A Contribution toward the Ethno graphy of Peeing.In Cultural Anthropology A Sampler. Up. Elliot Rings objectives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors in public restrooms. I believe he did feel like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep theyre eyes article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an interesting topic that went into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test consistently use to get better and accurate information.

Exercise and Cardiovascular Fitness

Exercise and cardiovascular fitnessAdam Hunt Word Count 624 Most types of calculate are practiced in order to utilize the probosciss core functions and to better those bodily functions. Cardiovascular exercise is a popular type of exercise which is apply to amplification the midpoints functions and the effectiveness of said functions. One main type of exercise is enemy exercise, which increases cleverness and mass, b angiotensin converting enzyme strength, and the bodys metabolism.By practicing this cardiovascular exercise, you increase your perfumes strength, making your heart to a greater extent fit. With isometric exercise, another exercise utilizing your muscles strength culture, your muscles contract, but the fibers maintain a consistent length. This increases your hearts muscles dynamic action, increasing the strength of your heart and, like resistance exercise, makes your heart more fit. There are also many other exercise types that help your heart gain strength to ge t your blood flowing.Because your heart is another muscle, exercising it frequently keeps it fit, like any other muscle. Regular exercise keeps your body in a healthy condition, and by keeping your body healthy, one can be defended from disease far more than an out of shape body. With a healthy diet, and regular exercise, you can maintain a right-hand(a) healthy heart and prevent heart disease. Many studies show that making receiptss with your physical fitness will lower your risk of developing illness.Both aerobiotic and anaerobic exercises improves cardiovascular efficiency, strength and endurance, increases energy and metabolism, relieves stress, and increases flexibility. Those who regularly exercise have lower heart rates and have only about a third gear of the aerobic decline as those who dont exercise at all. Individuals who regularly practice aerobic workouts have been proven to increase lung capacity up to seventy sixsome percent. Aerobic exercise is very effective in increasing lung capacity, decreasing LDL cholesterol levels, improving tamina and providing body fat burning. By exercising frequently, one can increase your health, and prevent health problems. These problems include developing heart disease, a large increase in blood pressure, increasing or development of high cholesterol, an increased risk of developing colon cancer and breast cancer, increasing risk of becoming diabetic, reaching an unhealthy body weight, weaker muscles, bones and joints, increase of depression and anxiety, reduction in psychological wellness, and poor performance in work, recreation and sports.However, with aerobic exercise and strength training, one can expect an improvement in cardiovascular function, increased cardiac output, an increase in stroke volume, more blood volume and the ability to carry oxygen in the blood, a less strenuous workload on the heart, an increased blood supply to muscles and ability to use oxygen, a much lower heart rate and blood pre ssure, larger likelihood for lactic acid accumulation, a much lower resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure with individuals suffering from high blood pressure, more HDL cholesterol which is better for the body, decreased blood triglycerides, reduced body fat and change weight control, and finally an improved glucose tolerance and reduced insulin resistance.With strength training, the body has an increase in muscular strength as well as tendon and ligaments, it also has the potential to improve the range of motion in your joints and decrease blood pressure. Finally, strength training is proven to have great potential to improve strength, balance and the functional ability in most honest-to-god adults, reducing the risk of heart problems and other health complications. With so many factors pointing towards aerobic exercise as a means of building a healthier heart and maintaining a better lifestyle, its obvious that exercise is a main way to achieve cardiovascular fitness and to have a healthier heart. By utilizing strength training and other types of exercise, one can reduce their risk of deadly disease and heart complications, and maintain a fit body and improved functionality.

Bachelor degree in Information Technology

WorldCapital Market investment bank, I am confident in my ability to deliver the best efforts in the Job of your company. My experiences in Information Sciences Institute which also locates in Marine Del Ray Bay systematically help me establish a well-understanding in the calculator skills while exceeding your xpectations. Moreover, Im good at dealing with pressure and burden which probably will happen. But I always regard it as a good thing.Also, I am well versed in researching and verifying information in appropriate manner. Above all, I am able to contend quantify efficiently and an ability to regulate under tight deadlines for work and revisions. Besides your requirements, I have the following expertise and knowledge which would be an addition Meeting with possible staff to discuss possible projects, inalizing timelines and discussing facts and information Writing the assigned tasks within fixed timeline Completing all revisions and amendments With my creative and unique work style, I am confident that I am an excellent match for this position.I look forward to meeting with you to discuss more about this position. Thank you for your time and consideration. The Norva Norfolk, VA sat, oct 12, 201 sposted 10/1 5/2013by Claytonman18 This Fans Reviews Periphery was incredible Best show Ive ever seen to date Favorite moment Face Palm Mute Was this round off helpful to you? Yes I No(Report as inappropriate) Share this review Facebook Twitter 5/5 Frak the Gods tour five stars tate Theatre st Petersburg, FL sun, sep 4, 2011 posted 09/08/2011 by swalls This Fans Reviews ticket price was the first influencing decision in attending. At $13. 90 per ticket, plus taxes and fees, making it about $17. 00, you cant beat 6 hours of live music. The venue was adequate, with a pit section and balcony, for those not wanting to be trampled. There were 4 big names on the bill, with 2 or 3 local bands.

Factors Affecting the Development of a Child

Neuroses argon notwithstanding acquired during early childhood even though their symptoms whitethorn not make their appearance until much later. The events of the first social class are of paramount grandeur for a childs whole subsequent life. (Freud, 1902) Regardless of age, nationality, gender or ethnicity every(prenominal) human has something in common we are every(prenominal) born as babies. This essay will go out and research accompanimentors in depth in order to simplify the complicated process of identifying key factors including scientific data as well as theories and methods derived from experts of unlike fields.A diverse view will be analysed of the developing process in order to understand the intricate events underlying these factors from the first beat of the heart to a moment by moment development and co-ordination of thousands of biological events of the nervous and endocrine systems of the unexampled-born will also be monitored. Our research will engage in a holistic approach, reflecting on the nativism versus empiricism debate.After looking at a broad spectrum of topics, issues and views and their implications on certain theories and methodologies, this evidence will guide us to conclude a hypothesis on factors that relate to the effect of the development of a baby in its first year. looking at from an evolutionary perspective, biological explanations suggest that the bring together of fastener go acrosss naturally as a result of subjective urges on the part of their baby and their carer during a critical period (Bowlby).In support of this, Lorenz carried out an experiment on geese that had just hatched and been removed from their mformer(a)s, only for them to see gentleman and sure enough they imprinted the scientist instead of their m other(a)s. Similarly, this exact Bowlby to hypothesize that both human infants and mothers has evolved an innate need made in an optimal time which propelled them towards their mothers. For this causal agency he also predicted that young children who do not palpate a warm and continuing attachment in the first year would fail to develop a goodly relationship in the future.In other words Bowlby claimed that mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for sensual health. In contrast, a longitudinal hear conducted on a ample number of boys aged 9-12 years found quite a few who had been separate from their mothers as infants but seemed well adjusted as they entered adolescence (Rutter, 1933). However, causality is serious to determine making it difficult to disentangle the effect of maternal breakup on later behaviour as there may be other confounding factors that may contribute or even cause the final result.By far, the some critical b offset to attachment theory comes from reversal studies which show early disruption followed by manage recovery (Clarke and Clarke). Similarly, recent research has shown that babies are much more flexible and resilient than Bowlby thought and the bond between the mother and child is not irreplaceable or irreversible but babies are opened of forming attachments to several adults and have been revealed thinkable and successful e. g. adopted children (The Tizard study of adopted children).Still, much of this information is base on retrospective data and so may not be accurate in lottery firm end points to maternal attachment being an exclusive factor that empennage affect the development of babies in their first year of life. Additionally, the human givens approach also asserts the view that there are biological necessarily which when not met lead to severe distress in humans such as an infant developing up in a socially deprived environment.This has also been positively correlated to poorer health and gum olibanum weaker cognitive development in young children (DCSF, 2009) which may be because living in a low income household or deprived area makes it more likel y that infants will be exposed to lay on the line factors that affect their life chances for example domestic violence, smoking, illness, low aspirations etc. (SETF, 2008) and even poor commissariat. Like all mammals, humans obtain life-sustaining nourishment through suckling and throughout the history of the human species the only or primary source of nourishment for infants was breast milk which has numerous virtues (Newman, 1995).Alongside it also involves the necessary struggle-to skin contact from the mother which gives the baby a feeling of warmth and security as well as strengthening the infants immune system. In spite of this, the studyity of infants are still formula-fed preponderantly in undeveloped countries where poor, uneducated parents often dilute the formula in an effort to make the valuable powder last longer. As a result, in such circumstances the parents attempts to evoke the health of their babies end up having the opposite effect (Popkin and Doan, 1990) w ith later development of inadequate growth and physical deficiencies.And although every individual has a blueprint for growth, but realisation of this growth potential is only possible if nutrient supplies in childhood are adequate (Jackson, 1996). From this it could again be inferred that situational factors such as mendicancy also have a detrimental effect on childhood development which is why low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socio economic groups. This has been exemplified from the recent subject field of Humzah caravanserai whose mother starved him in a cot for 21 months and was more concerned about feed her alcohol addiction in place of her malnourished son.Although the health services were called they were turned away many times before the case was brought into global attention which points to the difficulty in gaining access to the private field of operations of ones home. On the whole, Statistics do highlight that children from low-income household s are more likely to experience problems with nutrition leading to a negative mold on the mental well-being of children and in the long conk out may even lead to childhood obesity.Consequently, health economics even point to the bidirectionality of this relationship and externalise that poverty breeds ill-health, ill-health maintains poverty (Wagstaff, 2002). Furthermore, scientific evidence also illustrates that infants with vulnerable and stressful environments at home can lead to physical changes that affect a babys cognitive ability and performance of their reason in the first year of life (DCSF).Neuropsychologists demonstrate how the negative impact of stress sculpts the developing mental capacity architecture by reducing the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex and thus weakening the connections in neurones. Besides, other scientific research also explains that that excess amount of cortisol also has major harmful effects on a developing child as well as the ACE s tudy pyramid which illustrates that certain experiences during a childs first year of life are major risk factors for the leading cause of illness, trauma and even devastation in later life.Hence, this gives reason for us to believe how crucial the environment is as a factor that can affect the development of babies in their first year of life. However, unlike broken bones irreversible maldevelopment of brain areas mediating empathy resulting from emotional neglect in infancy is not readily available.On the other hand while rarely studied in humans the neurodevelopmental impact of sensory deprivation is the subject of hundreds of animal studies (Coleman and Riesin, 1968) although it could be argued that it is quite difficult to extrapolate the results from animals to human. Nevertheless, others counter argue that this is only done when it would be un good to manipulate human lives due to practical and ethical reasons and even though caution is necessary in generalizing results fro m animals to people, similarities between species sometimes allow this to be done.Besides, case studies of humans e. g.Genie Curtiss also emphasize the view that social deprivation and neglect does in fact influence later development who suffered from extreme privation since birth and even though she did later light upon some language it was not deemed as normal and so she never caught up developmentally. (Curtiss, 1977). Albeit, it was very detailed on the other hand critics have argued that it was only a case study and so cannot be generalised to the wider population.However, wider support and brain research have strengthened this study by using a triangulation of methods, thus making it more valid and less prone to doubt. Through these cases many policies were also concerned resulting in far-reaching changes for example through Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis practices were derived to avoid the unnecessary separation of children from their parents for example parents be ing encouraged to remain with their children in hospital and the provision of facilities for them to stay overnight (NCT policy).Likewise, other policies such as the Green news report every child Matters (HM treasury, 2003) was published in response to the death of Victoria Climbie whose plight was ignored by 12 different professionals. In response the Green paper with its strong focus on better support for parenting and families starts with five overall aims for all children including being healthy (NHS reforms) and not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential (Dfes 2002).Therefore, it can be insinuated that the policy-making factor is also dominant in the physical and emotional development of babies in the first year of life. In spite of this it is important to consider the continuous change in child culture oddly in the 21st century. Yet, this has also had many positive implications for example the newly emerging idea of babies as the nation s future led to a marked change in the level of influence the directment was now prepared to try to exert upon families thereby displaying a significant reduction in the number of infant mortality rates (Dwork, 1987).Moreover, the emergence and notion of a child-centred society set new laws including family allowances in 1945 for children in low income households as well as the reform of a national health service to create comprehensive health and rehabilitation services for the prevention and cure of disease (1948). However, differences in broader culture means that not all countries have similar policies and practices particularly in collectivist cultures where children are seen as an economic liability (Greenfield, 1995).Nonetheless, todays interconnected society means that many agencies are now workings together with a multi-agency approach based on an international level This reinforces the view that ecology, the environment and confirm shape the development of babies in the ir first year of life. in the same way empiricists have insisted that at birth the mind is a blank slate a tabula rasa and that all knowledge is created by experience (Locke, 1704). Conversely, within developmental psychology with the growth of new technology there is now a growing emphasis on inborn biases or constraints on development.So in essence, the baby is programmed with certain operating principles that govern the way they listen to and try to make sense out of the flow of sounds coming at them ( Slobin, 1985b). This is some other reason why very young babies already seem to understand that objects will move downwardly unless it encounters an obstacle (Spelke, 1991). Notwithstanding, current theorists do not propose that these built-in response patterns are the whole factors sort of they are the starting point.What then develops is a result of experience filtered through these initial biases however those biases do constrain the developmental pathways that are possible ( Campbell and Bickhard, 1992). Likewise, the interactive approach to an infants development in the first year also states that Taking all the above mentioned into account this essay is lead to the conclusion that each factor is parallel and relative to one another and that the balance of biology and social expectations is different in different areas of an infants development.Moreover, it is inevitable that both aspects of nature and nurture work in a collaborative manner alongside an organic system that operates together which is why even in those areas of development that appear to be the most clearly biologically determined can only occur if the child is growing in an environment that falls within the range of sufficient environments. After all, Albert mastermind did claim that all that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for development accorded the individual (1950).

Research Papers on Ready to Eat Food

CRISES Paul Krugman, January 2010 As this is form in anyy billed on this program as the no.el lecture, I mull that Im prognosticateed to focus on the work for which I was honored with the prize. And yet imperial as I am of the work I and many others did on increasing-returns clientele and stinting geography, presumption what is happening in the world and given what Ive full-sizely been working on these departed dozen years that work is non uppermost in my mind. Fortunately, theres an out.The Nobel committee did cite some other line of work that goes back to the first exhaustively paper I evenr wrote A role mannequin of ease of payments crises, published in 1979 but origin completelyy written while I was in as yet in grad school. When Im in an expansive mood, I like to say that I invented nifty crises non the thing itself, which goes back to the invention of paper money, but the modern academic literature. And vexation has been good ever since. directly, most o f what has gone wrong with the world these quondam(prenominal) two years has not taken the form of classic bullion crises (though give it time the Baltic nations, in particular, appear salutary positioned to follow in Argentinas footsteps). solely there atomic number 18 strong parallels cypherween the kinds of crises we actually let been experiencing and what those of us in the coin crisis biz call third-generation crises. Both the similarities and the passings are, I think, illuminating. 1So without further ado, let me launch into a discussion of bills crises, their relationship to fiscal crises in general, and what all of that tells us roughly online prospects. A history of violence The sudden implosion of world financial markets, trade, and industrial production in 2008 shocked many if not most economists. I think its fresh to say, however, that international macroeconomists were less startled. Thats not to say that we predicted the crisis verbalise personally, I saw that we had a ugly housing bubble and judge bad things as it deflated, but both the form and the scale of the relegate surprised me.What is true, however, is that international macroeconomists were aware, in a way those who focused mainly on domestic info were not, that the world economy has a history of violence. Drastic even outts sudden speculative attacks that emerge out of a seemingly straighten blue sky, abrupt economic implosions that slash real GDP by 5, 10, even 15 percent are regular occurrences on the international scene. Let me illustrate the point with the attribute below, which shows peak-to-trough declines in real GDP during third generation currency crises (a term Ill explain in a little while).This list is close to, but not identical to, the Reinhart and Rogoff (2009) list of banking crises as R&R point out, crises often combine elements of several of their ideal types. What Ive done in this slickness in a poor mans homage to Reinhart and Rogoffs aw esome data-collection effort is regard the Total Economy Database for all cases of sharp GDP declines in high-and middle-income countries since 1950, then do some casual historical research to ask whether they fit the profile of a third-generation crisis. 2 GDP declines in third-generation currency crises Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 A few observations First of all, were talking huge declines here Depression-level, in some cases. You can see why international macroeconomists were more than attuned to the adventure of disaster than domestic macroeconomists if you were looking only at US data, your idea of a real bad slump would be 1981-1982, when real GDP fell only 2. 3 percent. Second, if you know a bit about the history, you get a very strong sense of sombre how wrong effected wisdom can be.Reinhart and Rogoff emphasize the this time is different syndrome, the way people wave off clear p arallels to earlier crises. Id go a bit further and press that theres a strong pride goeth before a fall syndrome. In many if not all of these cases, the country in question was everybodys darling just before the disaster. Chile was a collectors item for Chicago School policies in action. I remember personally the enormous optimism about Mexico on the eve of the tequila crisis I was very unpopular at a 1993 meeting of investors where I raised some questions about prospects.Argentinas currency board was lionized by the Cato Institute, the Wall Street Journal editorial page, and so forth. The countries caught up in the eastern hemisphere Asian crisis were the subject of glowing reports, including a major World jargon study. 3 After the fact, of course, everybody saw many flaws in each afflicted countrys economic model just as everyone now sees the rottenness of the U. S. financial system, a system that was being praised just yesterday as one of the wonders of the world. Finally, note that half my employments are from the late-90s East Asian crisis.That crisis had a obscure effect on some of us. Nouriel Roubini was transformed from a temperate-mannered macroeconomist into Doctor Doom. I helpless my faith in the healing powers of central bankers, and wrote the original edition of The Return of Depression Economics. In essence, the East Asian crisis awakened us to the fact that there were more dangers in the world economy than were dreamt of in textbook macro. yet what were these dangers, anyway? Generat(ion)ing crisis All crises are divided into three parts. OK, maybe not. But the currency risis literature has evolved in three generations, successive bank notes of what can cause sudden speculative attacks on currencies. First-generation models began, at least in my mind, with wise words from the governor of the Bank of Portugal. Back in 1976, a mathematical group of MIT graduate students was working at the Bank, thanks to a personal connection between the governor and pricking Eckaus. Portugal at the time was 4 a bit of a crazy place, still suffering from the mild chaos that followed the overthrow of the dictatorship the year before.The economy had stabilized afterwards an initial slump, but the currency was under pressure, with reserves rapidly dwindling. It turned out later that most of the reserve loss was due to unconnected shift hoarding by commercial banks which was kind of funny, since at the time those banks were state owned. But in any case, the governor made a remark that intrigued me When I have six months of reserves, he said, I allow for have no reserves. What he meant was that once reserves dropped below some small level, there would be a run on the currency that would quickly exhaust whatever was left. in that respect were already economic models like this, albeit of very recent vintage and not exactly about foreign exchange. Notably, Salant and Henderson (1978, but circulated as a working paper in 1976), in an analysis of gold prices, wedded part of their paper to attempts to stabilize gold prices with stockpiles. They showed that an unsustainable stabilization scheme would eventually collapse in a speculative run that quickly exhausted the remaining stock, which is more or less what happened in abut 1968. I realized that this was in effect what Silva Lopes had been saying about the escudo.Translating that insight into a fully-specified model was a bit tricky. Krugman (1979) was more complicated than it should have been it overlyk the work of Flood and Garber (1984) to get it in intelligible form. But the result was a super suggestive analysis of speculative attacks on fixed exchange rank. 5 But there were problems with that analysis. some(a) complained about the asymmetry between topnotch smart speculators and super stupid governments. More compelling, in my view, was the fact that the story didnt seem to fit very tumesce with what actually happened in many currency crises , especially in advanced countries.For example, neither the sterling crisis of 1931 nor that of 1992 seemed to be mainly about dwindling foreign exchange reserves. Instead, both seemed to be about governments who found that their loading to a fixed exchange rate was interfering with attempts to achieve domestic objectives, especially full employment. When speculators began to bet on an abandonment of the currency peg to deal with pressing domestic concerns, spiking interest rates crisply increased the cost of defending that peg hence, a crisis, with speculators in effect forcing the governments hand.In an influential survey of try from the 1992-1993 European crisis, of which the fall of sterling was one component, Eichengreen, Rose, and Wyplosz (1995) coined the term secondgeneration models to describe models that act to capture this quite different kind of crisis dynamics. The most influential modeling came from Obstfeld (1994), who showed that this kind of analysis potently suggested the possibility of multiple equilibria countries in a vulnerable state could experience a currency crisis whenever investors believed that much(prenominal) a crisis was imminent, or for that matter believed that other investors believed in a crisis.But two generations of crisis theory, it turned out, were not enough. Second-generation crisis models suggested that succumbing to a speculative attack should be good for employment and GDP no longer agonistic by the exchange rate commitment, a government would be free to 6 expand demand. That is, in fact, what happened in the aftermath of the two sterling crises, 60 years apart I used to arrange-on that Britain should erect a statue of George Soros in Trafalgar Square, to thank him for getting the UK out of the ERM.But its not what happened to Mexico after the tequila crisis, or the East Asian economies after the crises of 1997, or Argentina after the collapse of convertibility in 2002. In all these cases the collapse of a fixed rate under speculative attack was followed by a pixilated contraction in the real economy. Hence the development of third-generation models. These models e. g. Krugman (1999), Aghion et al (2001), Chang and Velasco (1999) emphasized private-sector balance sheets, especially firms or banks with foreign-currency debt.The key argument was that a currency depreciation set off by speculative attack would sharply worsenedn balance sheets, as the domesticcurrency value of foreign-currency debt rose. This in turn would alter the economy, e. g. by depressing investment, which would feed back into further currency depreciation, and so on. Some models stressed the possibility of multiple equilibria, but even without such multiplicity there was the clear possibility of disproportionate depreciation and output decline from an adverse shock, including the end of a bubble financed by foreign neat.Or to put it a different way, what happens in a third-generation currency crisis is a mal evolent circle of deleveraging. Hence the severe cost to the real economy. One question you might ask is whether this diagnosis is all ex-post rationalization. Did the theory of third-generation currency crises actually succeed in predicting any crises? The answer is yes Argentina, which, alas, played out exactly as expect. 7 Before I proceed to the relationship between currency crises and the financial crises that have afflicted all of us recently, let me briefly ighlight two policy issues that arise in the context of third-generation crises. First, does this analysis argue that troubled economies with large foreign-currency debt should avoid currency depreciation? This is a highly relevant question justly now for the Baltics, which, as Ive already mentioned, are currently in a situation highly reminiscent of Argentinas position just before the collapse. It might seem, given the banknote Ive just provided, that Latvia or Estonia should do anything possible to avoid devaluation. B ut thats not right.Suppose that the central problem is a level of prices and hire that makes your production uncompetitive typically the consequence of an earlier degree of excessive capital inflows. Then what must happen, sooner or later, is a decline in prices and wages relative to those in your trading partners a real depreciation. This can happen through nominal currency depreciation but this has the unpleasant consequence that the real value of foreign currency debt will rise, creating a deleveraging crisis. Unfortunately, the alternative is worse. Real depreciation without nominal depreciation must take place through deflation.And this pith that the real value of all debt, not just foreigncurrency debt, rises. So the deleveraging crisis will be even worse if you dont depreciate. 8 A second issue concerns the role of capital mobility. Clearly, substantial capital mobility is a prerequisite for third-generation crises, which cant happen unless youve already run up a large foreign-currency debt. And in the crisis, its capital flight that leads to the large depreciation that in turn worsens balance sheets. So there is a clear case for temporary capital controls a sort of curfew on capital flight in the heat of a third-generation currency crisis.But what does all this have to do with the current problems of the United States and other advanced countries? Deleveraging crises similarities and differences In the movie The Longest Day theres a scene involving a German general who is first shown preparing for a war game in which he will play the American commander. He tells his aide that he plans to surprise everyone by landing, not at Calais, but in Normandy but not to worry, the Americans would never do that. Then, when the invasion begins, he mutters, Normandy How stupid of me Now you know how some of us felt as the current crisis unfolded. By 2006, huge U. S. urrent account shortfalls suggested that the dollar bill would have to fall eventually, an d the fact that U. S. real interest rates werent significantly higher than rates in other major economies suggested that markets werent taking that fact into account. So there was reason to expect a Wile E. Coyote moment a moment of sudden realization leading to a 9 sudden dollar fall. But U. S. external debt, although large, is overwhelmingly dollar-denominated. So America didnt seem vulnerable to a third-generation currency crisis. No worries, then, right? Yet the logic of the models should have suggested that there were, in fact, reasons to worry.After all, a vicious circle of deleveraging could arise as easily on the asset locating as on the liability side, as noted in Krugman (2002). It should have been easy to put the evidence of a mammoth housing bubble together with the concepts of third-generation crisis theory to see how a nasty deleveraging steering wheel could occur without the original sin of dependence on foreign-currency debt. Sadly, almost nobody certainly not y ours in truth put the pieces together. Even those of us who diagnosed that housing bubble correctly failed to foresee the financial implosion that would follow.Normandy How stupid of me But now it has happened. How does the crisis we have actually stumbled into compare with a currency crisis, both in terms of observation post and in terms of the policy response? One difference one might have expected to be important is the role of monetary policy. The normal front line of self-renunciation against recession involves great interest rates. For a country facing a currency crisis, however, that defense is of ambiguous value cutting rates may help domestic demand, but it may also weaken the currency, intensifying the vicious circle.For a country facing an asset-side deleveraging spiral, however, interest rate reductions are all good in 10 addition to their usual effects, they support asset prices and help balance sheets. So you might have expected central banks to be very effective in fighting asset-price-driven deleveraging. In reality, however, the monetary line of defense was quickly overrun reductions in policy rates quickly ran up against the zero lower bound, and that was that, at least as far as conventional monetary policy was concerned.We should have seen this coming Krugman (2002) set it all out, but nobody the author included took the message to heart. Meanwhile, theres another difference between currency crises and asset-side crises that makes the latter look worse namely, the fact that asset-price deflation, unlike currency depreciation, has no validatory stimulative effect on the economy. As Calvo et al (2006) have stressed, financial crises in emerging markets are often followed by phoenix-like recoveries, with the downturn giving way to very rapid growth.Key to these recoveries is the fact that a severely depreciated currency makes exports extremely competitive, leading to a large positive swing in the trade balance. As with the output dec lines associated with third-generation crises, the violence of these turnarounds is startling to economists accustomed to the tameness of U. S. data. The figure below shows the current account reversal for each of the cases shown at the beginning of this paper that is, the extent of the swing from current account deficit on the eve of the crisis to the maximum current account surplus following the crisis. 1 Current account reversal as % of GDP 0 Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 25 These are awesomely large swings. In part, no doubt, they were due to the import-compressing effect of recession. But mostly they range a gain in competitiveness due to plunging currencies. Plunging prices of houses and CDOs, unfortunately, dont produce any gibe macroeconomic silver lining. This suggests that were unlikely to see a phoenix-like recovery from the current slump.How long should recovery be expected to take? Well, there arent many useful historical models. But the example that comes closest to the situation facing the United States today is that of Japan after its late-80s bubble burst, leaving serious debt problems behind. And a maximum-likelihood estimate of how long it will take to recover, based on the Japanese example, is forever. OK, strictly speaking its 18 years, since thats how long it has been since the Japanese bubble burst, and Japan has never really escape from its deflationary trap. 2 This line of thought explains why Im skeptical about the optimism thats widespread right now about recovery prospects. The main argument behind this optimism seems to be that in the past, big downturns in the worlds major economies have been followed by fast recoveries. But past downturns had very different causes, and theres no good reason to regard them as good precedents. Living in a crisis-ridden world Looking back at U. S. commentary on past currency crises, whats striking is the combi nation of moralizing and complacency.Other countries had crises because they did it wrong we werent red ink to have one because we do it right. As Ive stressed, however, crises often perhaps usually happen to countries with great press. Theyre only reclassified as sinners and deadbeats after things go wrong. And so it has proved for us, too. And despite the praise being turn over out to those who helped us avoid the worst, we are not handling the crisis well fiscal stimulus has been inadequate, financial support has contained the damage but not restored a healthy banking system. All indications are that were going to have seriously depressed output for years to come.Its what I feared/predicted in that 2001 paper Intellectually pursuant(predicate) solutions to a domestic financial crisis of this type, like solutions to a third-generation currency crisis, are likely to seem too radical to be implemented in practice. And partial measures are likely to fail. 13 Maybe policymakers will become wiser in the future. Maybe financial reform will reduce the occurrence of crises major financial crises were much rarer between the end of World War II and the rise of financial deregulation after 1980 than they were before or since.Meanwhile, however, the fact is that the economic world is a surprisingly dangerous place. REFERENCES Aghion, Philippe, Philippe Bacchetta, and Abhijit Banerjee, 2000, Currency Crises and fiscal Policy with Credit Constraints (unpublished Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University). Chang, Roberto and Andres Velasco 1999, Liquidity Crises in Emerging Markets Theory and Policy, NBER Working Paper No. 7272. Eichengreen, Barry, Rose, Andrew, Wyplosz, Charles and Dumas, Bernard, Exchange Market Mayhem The Antecedents and Aftermath of Speculative Attacks, Economic Policy, October.Flood, Robert, and Peter Garber 1984, Collapsing Exchange Rate Regimes Some Linear Examples, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 113. Krugman, Paul, 1979, A Model of ease of Payments Crises, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 11, pp. 311-325. Krugman, Paul, 1999, Balance Sheets, The Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises, in Flood, Robert, Isard, Peter, Razin, Assaf, and Rose, Andrew, eds. , International finance and financial crises essays in honor of Robert P . Flood, younger , Kluwer.Krugman, Paul 2002, Crises the next generation in Assaf Razin, Elhanan Helpman, and Efraim Sadka, eds. , Economic policy in the international economy essays in honor of Assaf Razin, Cambridge. Obstfeld, Maurice 1994, The Logic of Currency Crises, Cahiers Economiques et Monetaires, Bank of France, Vol. 43, pp. 189-213. Reinhart, Carmen and Rogoff, Kenneth 2009, This Time is Different Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton. Salant, Stephen and Henderson, Dale 1978, Market Anticipations of establishment Policies and the Price of Gold, Journal of Political Economy 14

Journal Article Critique

Journal Article Critique I chose to express the article, Osteoporosis in quadruplex sclerosis written by Andrew P Hearn and Eli Silber. It is an understanding about osteoporosis and the trigger offnership it might have with triple sclerosis (MS) compared to patients that do not have multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disability that affects a big keep d protest of young adults. The longer a person has multiple sclerosis, the more the person loses strength in there swot.Osteoporosis occurs when the body does not absorb the required amount of tog up mineral density (BMD), which reduces bone strength. Both men and women have different factors that can emergence the guesss of getting osteoporosis. This article explains that MS is the second cause of disability (neurological), along with one sixth of ovalbumin women in their lifetime will have a hip fracture. Diagnosing osteoporosis for men and women along with their risk factors are included in this rea ding.This article also contains past results from studies of multiple sclerosis patients with bone batch density. Some risk factor levels are unclear and large-scale studies are needed for clear results and connections. along with this information, it includes management guidelines for the general population that has osteoporosis. This reading also includes insight of the process of chronic seditious with multiple sclerosis along with the role of vitamin D in twain osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis.This article has a great impact for health care professionals with the information that it gives and in the areas where more research is needed. It is also important because it shows the connection that medication, vitamins, and minerals have and which ones have a greater impact on multiple sclerosis and osteoporosis in both men and women. It is also important because the results include congenital, acquired, lifestyle, and latrogenic factors. These factors are necessary for health c are providers to compare these results to their own patients as well as being helpful for future studies.This reading is also important because it shows what bones have a greater risk associated with bone mass density (BMD). This current evidence is a useful guideline for management protocol until more evidence is acquired. Resources Hearn, A. P. , & Silber, E. (2010). Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis,16(9), 1031. Turley, S. (2011). checkup language Immerse yourself (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Medical Terminology Breakdown Medical news Prefix Combining form Suffix Definition 1 osteoporosis None oste/o- (bone), por/o- -osis (condition abnormal abnormal rarefaction of bone (small opining, pores) conditions, process) 5 chronic None Chron/o- (time) -ic (pertaining to) disease that persists over a long period 6 inflammatory None Inflamat/o- (redness and -ory (having the function Having the function of redness and warmth) of) warmth 7 demineralization de- (reversal ofmineral/o- (mineral -ization (pertaining to) pertaining to lack of without) electrolyte) mineral/electrolyte 8 anticoagulant anti- (against) coagul/o- (clotting) -ant (pertaining to) A substance that prevents the clotting of blood. 9 lumbar None lumb/o- (lower back, area -ar (pertaining to) part of the back and sides between the between the ribs and lowest ribs and the pelvis pelvis) 10 femoral None femor/o- (thigh bone) -al (pertaining to) pertaining to the femur or the thigh

New York Subway

A pale, misshapen governance drew nearer. I could sense a black familiarity, but it was hard to grasp.No dont come any closer Please no I tail assemblyt organize no more Youre not alive, youre not alive idolise overtook my body as I began to recollect consciousness. I trembled unable to gain control over my body. I shook my head in an act to develop a sense of reality. It was no use. What was I doing here?I peered with the window in a desperate attempt to discover something recognisable but despite these attempts I couldnt. The streets were overcome with people, no(prenominal) of them yet aware they were being observed, just carrying on with their normal r offines, stalking the streets leaving no office for the sidewalks to breathe.I frantically scanned the small, enclosed room in order to find something to refresh my memory. I and then came across a card reading with deepest sympathy..A puzzled expression was forced upon my face as I tried to make sense of it. Then I real ised why I was here. A river flowed d birth my cheeks as I fell to the floor wishing I could go tire out out to not knowing. It was so hard for me to accept it, I mat as if I was being suffocated with my own feelings, as if my heart had been taken from me for it was unable to feel no more.Silence. Not even the clocks could bear to tick anymore. Everything so empty and cold, leaving no reason to go on. Why did she have to drop dead? I felt so much resent towards her. How could she do this to me? So many thoughts and questions were running through my mind. What was I saying? How could I feel so much hate and rejection to my own become?I felt so sick and numb inside. Physically I felt dead but emotionally I felt so much pain and sorrow. It wasnt just me I had to think or so though was it? What about my family? What were they going to think if I didnt go to my m otherwises funeral?The whole prospect made me shiver. I can imagine their remarks now. I had to go no matter how I felt , I had to say goodbye.I felt as if I was in a world of confusion. The funeral was to be in New York due to my mother being brought up in that location. But how could I get there? How could I afford it?I hadnt even come to terms with my mothers death and yet I was left over(p) with all these decisions. I opened my handbag to find emptiness kind of the demeanor I was feeling right now. I closed my look trying to gain a stable state of mind. Somehow Id get there, no matter how demanding the situation is. What kind of a person would I be if I didnt go?I respire in late, hoping the extra oxygen would give me an answer to my problems it didnt. Nothing would bring her post but at least I can take her with me as a part of her will always stay put in me, I can mind that now.I stared at the ceiling, hoping it would give me an insight into my problems. I sighed deeply closing my eyeball once again. Then I axiom her face again drawing nearer, her eyes calling tome in a deep, long ing desire.I couldnt stop shaking. The images just kept running through my mind manage a film being played over and over again in slow motion.My eyes fixed upon the clock. Time just seemed to flow by carelessly without anything being execute in it. It tended to make me feel sad that Id wasted so much. I needed to get out of here before I wasted anymore time on pointless arguments with myselfI left the hotel, frantically trying to gather any spare money that had been left well-nigh the room. There was simply anything. I stepped out onto the sidewalk to be barged into, everyone rushing to get somewhere, not caring about anyone else.I looked up at the sky to discover tall, large buildings towering over me in an ominous way. I felt so alone yet I was surrounded by hundreds of people. I carried on walk take in the sidewalk admiring the homeless, not their lifestyles but their outlook on life. They dont care about what anyone else thinks, only about the necessities. Although in their eyes I could see despair, this is not right, what was the world coming to?These menacing thoughts could not be rid of. They just kept tormenting my mind. Then I saw the answer, it was written in large rash letters entitled Broadway subway.There had been many stories about taking the subway but I didnt work out any of them was true, besides its cheap and its the only way.I stepped down into a dark, dingy hole of swarthiness below on the earths surface. A distinguished stench roamed the air making me feel nauseous. I went down the stairwell cautiously taking in the hell-like atmosphere.As I reached the bottom I gasped in horror at the threatening surroundings. Graffiti pierced the subway walls increasing its texture as it builds up in layers. I wanted to turn hold up but I knew I couldnt. Red paint stained the walls it was well-nigh like oh wait it was. My face went pale as I saw the human blood dabbled up the cold, hard wall, no one even bothering to remove it. I ran as fast as I could trying to escape the idolises of the imagination.All around me I saw images flashing through my mind. business organization gripped my heart. part blocked my vision as I tried to find the token booth. I couldnt back out now I had already come too far. I hesitated as I saw the token booth I then approached it pulling out a dollar, the only thing I had left. I purchased the token and then waited patiently wishing it wouldnt come for then I could have an excuse. Who was I kidding? The only person I was trying to fool was myself.The trains eyes beamed out of the darkness, it was like they were trying to sedate their victims before theyd even begun their ghastly journey. I took the first car making sure that there were other people on it, so that I could remind myself that I wasnt the only person experiencing this catastrophe.I stared at the floor trying to avoid eye contact with any of the other passengers incase they see fear in my eyes or that I may see fear in theirs, ei ther way I was doomed. The lights flickered on and off struggling to keep a constant setting. I often feared that they would entirely go off. I didnt dare to see how anyone else was feeling. The whole car was filled with an annoying silence and nettlesome atmosphere. It was hard to keep sanity.No one dared speak in case of rejection or unwanted conversation. gauge drifted through the air causing me to cough, I was unable to hold it in. I stared out of the window to see darkness and the occasional flicker of light. This was all too much.Then suddenly the train came to a noise halt and then darkness. Total darkness. My heart began to pound unexpectedly I couldnt bear to sit like this. I felt so restrained by the silence. I felt so alone.Hello? Is anyone there? Somebody please answer me? I screamed unable to be silenced any longer. Then I heard a murmur in the background.Its ok this usually happens, it only lasts a few minutes. Youll be ok.The lights slower began to flicker, swayin g form side to side before regaining total lighting. I turned around to see people smiling in relief.Thanks I said quietly realising that this wasnt as usurious as I thought. The fear of the subway was just in my head. Just a constant monitor of how brutal life can be.I sat back and sighed in relief before realising that I didnt know what platform to get off at. Panic. I couldnt bear to go through all this again. I decided to get off at the next platform and then get directions from there. I chop-chop rose and stepped off the train to find myself surrounded by emptiness. My hopes had been demolished once again. Everything came flooding back and I finally broke down. I could no longer hold in all these feelings. Tears burst from my eyes and I didnt have the strength to wipe them away.It was then a hand affected my shoulder. A shiver went down my spine as I turned around in fear. A man was stood behind me, he smiled calmly.Whats wrong? He saidI didnt want got get into everything so I just told him that I was lost and I needed to get out of the subway. He showed me to the stairwell and gave me directions.A sense of relief passed through me. Was it finally it? Was I really here? The only thing that was left to frighten me was the thought of going back. But I realised now that there was nothing to fear except being left alone with my thoughts, but maybe if I confronted them then there would be nothing left to fear except perhaps, fear itself