Asses the view, that working class children underachieve because they are culturally deprived Essay

Middle class children have a higher tendency of achieving more than pupils of the working class. A few explanations pay attention on the external factors outside school. This includes cultural deprivation – working class pupils are portrayed as having a lack of correct attitude, values, language and knowledge for educational success. Whilst material deprivation means that working class pupils are most likely to have poorer diets, health and housing and their parents are less able to meet the hidden costs of schooling. The middle class have mote cultural capital – they have a better advantage of their choices within the marketised education system. There are three main aspects to cultural deprivation. The first is intellectual development; theorists argue that many working class homes lack things such as books, educational toys and activities which would help to stimulate intellectual development. Douglas (1964) found that pupils of the working class scored lower on a test of ability than those of the middle class. He argued that because working class parents are likely to be less supportive of their child’s intellectual development this has an impact on them. This could then lead to underachievement as it would mean the child is always behind. Secondly, Bernstein (1975) looked at the difference in language between working class and middle class students. He identified that language can be categorised into two types of speech codes. This highlights the differences between both the working and middle class. The restricted code was typically used by those of the working class. It consisted of a limited vocabulary and is based on use of short, often unfinished, grammatically simple sentences. Their speech is predictable and sometimes consists of single words and hand gestures. The restricted code is context bound so the speaker makes the assumption that the listener shares the same set of experiences. Then there was the elaborated code which is most commonly used by those of the middle class. Vocabulary is a lot more varied and is based on more grammatically complex sentences; speech is more varied and communicates abstract ideas. It is also context free: so the speaker doesn’t assume that the listener shares the same experiences as them, allowing the use of a more descriptive language. This would lead to under achievement  because the language used in schools and in test papers tend to be in the elaborate code as it is seen as the ‘correct’ way of speaking and communication, so therefore middle class people are again at an advantage. Finally, attitudes and values, Hyman (1967) argued that values and beliefs of the lower class show a ‘self-imposed barrier’ to educational and career success. Hyman outlined between working-class and middle-class value systems Members of the working class place a lower value on education. They place less emphasis on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. Members of the working-class place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, In evaluating jobs, they emphasize ‘stability, security and immediate economic benefits’ and tend to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high-risks occupations. Job horizons tend, therefore, to be limited to a ‘good trade’. Compared to their middle-class counterparts, members of the working-class believe there is less opportunity for personal advancement. This belief is probably the basis for the lower value placed on education and high occupational status. Whilst Sugarman (1970) similarly argued that working class subculture has four key elements that create this barrier to educational achievement: Collectivism involves loyalty to the group rather than to emphasis on individual achievement which the school system demands. Immediate gratification emphasizes the enjoyment of pleasures of the moment, rather than sacrifices for future rewards, Will also tend to encourage early school-leaving for the more immediate reward of a wage packet, adult status and freedom from the disciplines of school. Fatalism involves an acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it; it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom. Present-time orientation may further reduce the motivation for academic achievement, whereas an emphasis on long-term goals and future planning can encourage pupils to remain longer in full-time education by providing a purpose for their stay. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that parents pass on values of their class onto their children. Values of middle class will equip children for success, whilst working class values fail to do so. However Keddie (1973) describes cultural deprivation as a myth and sees it as  a victim blaming explanation. She believes that having a culturally deprived background can’t be blamed as the reason that certain pupils fail in school. She argues that there is no cultural deprivation but cultural differences; failure is due to the disadvantages that are pursued by an education system dominated by middle class values. She believes that schools should recognise and build on strengths, and also challenge teachers’ anti working class prejudices. Under achievement can also be subjected to material deprivation. This can also be classed as poverty. It is a lack of basic necessities such as adequate diet, housing, clothing or the money to buy these things. Material deprivation theory explains working class under achievement as the result of the lack of such resources. Unlike cultural deprivation theorists, who blame educational failure on the inadequacy of working class subculture, many other sociologists see material deprivation as the main cause of under achievement. Poverty is closely linked to educational under-achievement. Although external factors, such as cultural deprivation, material deprivation and cultural capital can play an important part as to why there is class difference in regards to achievement, there are also internal factors that can be put to blame. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to someone. Studies show that teachers often label pupils regardless of ability or attitude, by basing labels on stereo-typed assumptions about their class background, labelling working class pupils negatively and working class pupils positively. This can restrict pupils from achievement as it means teachers will refrain from giving pupils they have labelled negatively from getting the support they need, meaning they do badly at school. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made. Integrationists argue that labelling can affect a pupils achievement by creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. When a teacher labels a pupil, they make predictions about their abilities for example, ‘this child will do well’ – The child then gets treated in accordance to this prediction, the pupil then internalises the teacher’s expectations which becomes part of its self-image. This makes the child become the kind  of pupil the teacher perceived them to be. (e.g. if a child is labelled positively, the child will then gain more confidence and try harder with their work, thus leading them to success). This prevents children from having the potential to do well, rather than working hard to allow them to do their best they allow their teachers opinion of them to hold them back. Marketisation is the final internal factor that portrays class differences of achievement. Schools operate on a wide education system, whose policies affect class differences in achievement. Such policies include marketisation and selection. Marketisation brought in – a funding formula that gives the school equal funding for each pupil, exam league tables which rank each school according to its exam performance and make no allowance for the level of ability of its pupils, and competition among schools to attract pupils. Marketisation explains why schools are under pressure to do well. Some schools respond to marketisation by creating a traditional image to attract middle class parents – this has re-in forced class divisions. Schools have to spend more money on marketing themselves to parents, often at the expense of spending funds on special needs or other important areas. Overall I think it is clear that cultural deprivation plays a huge part in regard to underachievement. Pupils lack help both at home, and at school, meaning they have less chance at doing well. Internal and external factors both work alongside each other – putting middle class pupils at an advantage in contrast to working class pupils.

Journal Entry African American Essay

Hello my precious unborn child. I am not really sure where to begin. The doctor is saying that I might not make it through this pregnancy but they will make sure you live to see this crazy world that we live in. I want to make sure that you understand your history and where you come from! What a journey our family has been through. They just don’t make it easy for an African American Family. Here we are and we have struggled just to make it here to the Deep South. We settled here in Ole Miss just like lots of other black folks and you would think that after they freed us from slavery they could just leave us be. I guess I should tell you a little about who we are and what we have been through so you have a clearer understanding. Well it started when we got here. Brought over on ships, our family was slaves to the white folk right here in Mississippi. There have always been stories told. Why, I remember when I was a little girl my grandma telling us the story of Nat Turner. (1998) He went on a rebellion right here in the South. He was on a mission fighting for what he believed in. He may not have gone about it the right way but he fought until his death on October 30, 1831. After that it seemed to be one person after the next until finally Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This was issued in 1863. (1998)This was a valiant attempt at freeing the slaves here in the United States but it technically only freed slaves in the states that were under the jurisdiction of the Confederacy. You would think that would make things better. Nope! There was a 12 year period after that that they worked hard on trying to make things fair for us. Your great-great-grandma was around through the reconciliation period. She said that we were finally awarded citizenship and in 1870 an amendment went in that stated you could not deny us the right to vote because of our race. (1998) My great-Grandma told us that just when things started looking up†¦It got worse. The Democrats came in and changed everything. They started doing every thing that they could to put us back to having no rights. But we as a race stayed as strong as we could. What you have to remember is that making our way in this world has been and remains a consistent struggle. We made leeway though! A young lady buy the name of Sophia Packard and Harriet Giles were able to establish a college for the â€Å"Negros† as the white folk like to call us. This was the first college for African American females. Spelman College’s goal at the time was merely to teach black women to read and write. And that they have done. But here I sit in 1963. A 33 year old female who isn’t sure what is going to be in her future. They call us free. I have to ask myself daily though, â€Å"Am I really free? † I mean we have separate schools. We eat in separate restaurants. (2010) They give us totally different bathrooms to use and all this is because of the color of my skin. I look at this world and I think to myself, â€Å"I put my clothes on the exact same way as everyone else. † Should the color of our skin really make things so much different for us? Every single day we have leaders out there fighting for what is fair and what is right. Take Martin Luther King for instance. (2007) He is on a mission. He is part of a group called the SCLC. (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) He has made major strides. I mean in Montgomery Alabama the black folks get to ride on the same buses with the same rights as the white folks. I can only hope that by the time that you grow up and are able to read and understand all this that you look at all this and have a hard time believing it. As I sit here and write to you and I look across the street of this tiny little home I live in I see the neighbors and in their front yard is a cross that someone has lit on fire. Why, because today he walked a white girl to school. Rumors started and now everyone knows that this little girl likes him. Yet he is being punished for it. It shouldn’t matter. If there is one thing that you need to know and one thing that I can teach you through this letter it is to be you. Know yourself. Never let anyone tell you that you can not do something. Most importantly, remember that loves has no boundaries. It sees no color. It does not understand hate. It does not segregate nor does it discriminate. I hope that you never have to endure the hardships that we have to endure during these trying times. Always remember to live with no regrets and never look back! I love you with all my heart-. Momma Works Citied Page African American Slavery (1998) Long Island University Retrieved from http://www. liu. edu/cwis/CWP/library/aaslavry. htm#turner Timeline Search for African American History (2010) Google Search Engine http://www. google. com/search? q=african+american+history&hl=en&sa=X&tbo=p&tbs=tl:1,tll:1850,tlh:1899&ei=lrPUS9avLoK78gbfpL3qDw&oi=timeline_histogram_nav&ct=timeline-histogram&cd=8&ved=0CIcBEMkBKAg History of African Americans Information Please Database. (2007) Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmtimeline. html.

American Government And Rights

The individual freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment are widely regarded as essential to the maintenance of a democratic system. Specifically, the First Amendment states the â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The First Amendment freedoms protect the legitimacy of philosophical, political, and ethical pluralism.The concept of pluralism entails tolerance of diversity in social, political, and religious points of view, that is, acknowledgement that different judgments on these subjects all have a right to be held and advocated. Karen O’Connor, author of the book American Government: Continuity and Change states that students must be able to understand how the American government was able to develop so that they can understand how the Am erican government evolved over the years (O’Connor & Sabato, 2009).This paper looks at the different issues in the area of civil liberties encompassing women’s rights, affirmative action, and suffrage, at the same time, maintaining that these constitute vested rights of a higher order than economic or social values because civil liberties constitute the essence of the democratic political process itself. Constraints of Congress over bureaucracy The power relationships between Congress, interest groups, judiciary and bureaucracy were discussed in Chapter 12 of Politics in America by Thomas Dye, Tucker Gibson and Clay Robison.He outlined several checks employed by Congress in terms of the bureaucracy that include its function in confirming appointments, conducting committee hearings on programs in the implementation and formulation phases, oversight functions which come in the form of congressional inquiries on the operations of the civil services and more importantly Co ngress use of the power of the purse or its discretion on the allocation of appropriations in checking the bureaucracy.Other constraints of Congress over the bureaucracy is manifested in statutes that include â€Å"The Administrative Procedures Act of 1946† (APA) which mandates government instrumentalities to place proposed rules in the Federal Register, solicit comments, and hold hearings. In addition, the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA) provides citizens a formal route for compelling agencies to give out information, with some broad exceptions. Interest groups serve as lobbying agents of bureaucracy and act as watchdogs of society for erring bureaucrats.Interest groups are called upon for their policy recommendations in congress and bureaucracy. The judiciary deliberates on cases dealing with alleged overstepping of authority and they can issue injunctions on programs of a particular government agency. Under the system, several safety nets were instituted to mitig ate potential abuses by the bureaucracy as stated in the Constitution. Reforms in the bureaucracy will succeed when it is implemented in a sustainable manner and with a good dose of political will. The latter is based on prioritizing the needs of the majority and that which is geared towards the common good.It is imperative that government officials regard themselves as public servants and not politicians; in this context they are transcending a myopic perception of their responsibility because they are primarily considering their constituents’ interest above anyone and anything else. The U. S. Constitution The U. S. Constitution has adopted an expanded meaning of the U. S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment to incorporate progressively more of the guarantees in the federal Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights limits the national government’s criminal law and trial procedures only in federal courts.Most crimes, however, are violations of state law, and most crimi nal trials are resolved at that level. It is only through the ambiguous phrase of the Fourteenth Amendment that â€Å"no State shall deny any person life, liberty or property without due process of law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that the U. S. Constitution imposes any restriction on state criminal procedures. The Constitution creates factions among the three branches though the separation of powers. A faction running Congress may face a rival in control of the presidency and the executive branch. Controlling both might face a truculent judicial branch of holdovers from an earlier regime.The separation of powers and checks and balances assure that no one group will be able to dominate the national government. Conflicts or possible corroboration for dominance comes with the encroachment by one branch to another or with duplication of functions. The Constitution established a structure that the mutual relation by all the branches would keep them in their proper places. (Madison, The Federalist 51, Cigler, 1998 ). The creation of three different branches chosen in different ways at different times ensures that policy will be made through bargaining and compromise.Regardless of the separation embodied in the Constitution, the different branches will actually share powers. The checks and balances set up very little dependence between the branches. The permanent tenure of appointments in the Judiciary reinforces its independence from the other branches. The Constitution provides the deviation in the principle of equality to fortify the judiciary. It also admitted the weaker one posing threats or committing encroachments to other branches among the three. The lifetime term of magistrates destroys any possible dependence to the conferring authority.(Madison, The Federalist 51, Cigler 1998). The division into different departments of the legislature chosen in different ways and with different principles of action ensures a level playing field with the executive. Conflicts were expe cted to occur from time to time between the legislative and the executive. The division in the legislature is to balance the weight of its authority and fortify the executive’s (Madison, The Federalist 51, Cigler 1998). The separation of powers impedes the influence of those who have less by ensuring that if this group gains access to one branch, that branch will be checked by another branch.The Constitution provides that â€Å"influence to government should be proportionate to property (Hofstadter, The Founding Fathers: an Age of Realism, Cigler 1998). † If small landowners succeed in getting support from one branch, the other branch could demand for other checks and balances, a sufficient evidence of property ownership. Election policy The Constitution’s election policy ensures that the working class and others who have less, uniting as a majority, could not gain influence in the government.The Philadelphia Enterprise had no intention of extending liberties to those without properties (Hofstadter, The Founding Fathers: an Age of Realism, Cigler 1998). Only white males â€Å"with property and principle† were allowed to vote. The Constitution staggers elections to bring into the national government new issues as they arise over time. The necessary actions that often include bargaining and compromise have been addressed prior to elective officials seeking of new mandate. The staggering of elections makes it impossible for the masses to quickly and easily influence the government.The right to vote was not provided by the Constitution. The Convention was not interested to extend liberty to the ‘men without property in principle’ back home. The people they meant were in â€Å"consent of the people† (Hofstadter, The Founding Fathers: an Age of Realism, Cigler 1998) as the foundation of the government were actually the small landowners – men with small properties who were categorized as stakeholders proportionat e to their assets. The hard truth is, not just suffrage but all other rights were not mentioned and defined in the Constitution.According to statistics, only 54%, an alarmingly low number, of eligible voters cast their ballots in the last four decades of presidential election (Carleton, n. d. ). Apparent civilian apathy is happening especially among those from the low-income bracket and those belonging within the age bracket of 18-25 years old. Why don’t these people vote? The numbers of reasons cited are: â€Å"They feel ignored by politicians; they feel their vote doesn’t really count; and they say that they don’t get the kind of information they need to make an informed decision (Clinton, 2000).I will state three reasons why the people of America should vote: it is our privilege; it is our right; and it is a hallmark of our culture of representative democracy. Voting is a privilege because it is not everybody’s birthright to participate in the selecti on of a country’s leaders. Suffrage is being mandated by the laws of the land and conferred among its people; it can be constrained to some areas or to some part of the population. In fact in our history, this right is used to be reserved to the wealthy, white males of society. Thus, let us not forget that Martin Luther King Jr.marched from Selma to Montgomery Alabama, magnifying the voting issues, which led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. There were also the women suffrage fighters who suffered persecution and loathe until the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been ratified. In come countries, like Afghanistan, electorates will walk for days before reaching their precinct, some would even line up for hours in order to cast their votes. More than two centuries ago, our founding fathers wrote the Declaration of Independence setting us free from the British rule.â€Å"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governmen t. † These are the words written and immortalized by the Thomas Jefferson, a former president and one of the founding fathers. The phrase â€Å"consent of the governed† marked the cornerstone of our democracy. When we vote, we acknowledgement the principles by which our sovereign state adheres to – we are demonstrating to the world that we live in a free nation and are proud of it. Women’s right movement In the aftermath of suffrage, white women’s racial attitudes ranged from intolerance to neglect to engagement.At one extreme, the resurgent Ku Klux Klan established a Women’s KKK, which in 1924 claimed a membership of a quarter million. More typical was the dismissal of race by younger radicals such as Alice Paul, the charismatic leader of the self-identified feminists, who had helped revive the U. S. suffrage movement. Borrowing the militant tactics of the British suffragettes, they had chained themselves to the White House fence and survive d hunger strikes in jail. This refusal to acknowledge racism recurred in the anti-Semitism of the women’s movement.Like African Americans, Jewish women had formed their own clubs in response to exclusion from white Christian organizations. Although Jewish women supported suffrage more often than other groups, the suffrage movement had ignored their cultural life when it scheduled conventions and parades on the Jewish Sabbath. Voting is an obligation because it is a direct participation to determine the welfare of the nation. During Elections, every voter is a statesman, carrying a personal responsibility of choosing the best persons to run the country. â€Å"It is the most powerful tool that we have . . . vote does everything . . . It wins wars. It loses wars.† say country artist Ronnie Dunn (Barbieri, n. d. ). The women’s right movement during the Progressive Era was concerned with women suffrage. In the 1800s women were becoming more educated, their roles were slowly shifting as society gradually adjusted to intellectual women who knew politics and other concerns previously under the male’s domain. This awakening period made most of these educated women question the norms, especially their lack of stand during elections. The movement at this time was focused on the right to vote, as the fighters believe that winning suffrage will just be the beginning of other women’s right in the society.It was also a struggle to prove that women can be just as good as men. In the 1960s, however, women’s right movements cover a broader scope. It was also called the liberation movement. Liberation in a sense that women were deemed as caged by the rules set by society. Gaining suffrage is not enough when a woman’s full potential as an individual is not met. Before the 1960s, women could not pursue a career, nor venture into affairs that were considered unfashionable for a lady, such as politics and business.Her main concern is the home, taking care of the family and always exuding that feminine grace and aura. The leaders of the movements rebelled against this painted picture of the woman, insisting that they have far greater substance to be considered as mere â€Å"beauty objects† and â€Å"sex objects† (Sawhney). At this time, the enlightened woman welcomed the arrival of the contraceptive pill, legalization of abortion and career life without the feeling of guilt. Male chauvinism was also deeply criticized. Affirmative Action There is perhaps a need to establish goals in affirmative action plans on that basis.It would be good to note that our organization undertakes recruitment efforts to ensure that underutilized minorities and women are represented in the applicant pool. The proper equal employment opportunity is the core concept that harmonizes the diversity and Affirmative Action efforts. It is a fact that management acknowledges that everyone must have that equal access to employment opportunities. It has been our long standing goal to prohibit discrimination based on different characteristics. If there are Affirmative Action policies, then the company can have clear guidelines on how this would best be implemented.We need to take concrete steps that are taken not only to eliminate employment discrimination but also to attempt to redress the effects of past discrimination. Indeed, the underlying motive for affirmative action is the principle of equal opportunity, which holds that all persons with equal abilities should have equal opportunities. Affirmative action programs differ widely to the extent to which they attempt to overturn discrimination (Encyclopedia of Small Business, p. 1). Some programs might simply institute reviews of the hiring process for women, minorities, and other affected groups.Other affirmative action programs might explicitly prefer members of affected groups. In such programs, minimum job requirements are used to create a pool of quali fied applicants from which members of affected groups are given preference. Affirmative action affects small businesses in two main ways. First, it prevents businesses with 15 or more employees from discriminating on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, and physical capability in practices relating to hiring, compensating, promoting, training, and firing employees.Second, it allows the state and federal governments to favor women-owned and minority-owned businesses when awarding contracts, and to reject bids from businesses that do not make good faith efforts to include minority-owned businesses among their subcontractors (para 2). The interpretation and implementation of affirmative action has been contested since its origins in the 1960s. A central issue of contention was the definition of discriminatory employment practices. The discriminatory employment practices as listed by the Department of Administration and Equal Opportunity (p.1) include: gender identi ty, sexual orientation, race discrimination, sex discrimination, sexual harassment, religious discrimination, national origin discrimination, disability discrimination, and retaliation. As the interpretation of positive discrimination evolved, employment practices that were not intentionally discriminatory but that nevertheless had a â€Å"disparate impact† on affected groups were considered a violation of affirmative action regulations (Encyclopedia of Small Business, section 2).Another central issue was whether members of affected groups could receive preferential treatment and, if so, the means by which they could be preferred. This issue is sometimes referred to as the debate over quotas. Nevertheless, even if people say that minorities now use Affirmative Action as a means to get promotions that they do not deserve, still, management can be more meticulous in taking all aspects into consideration. Everything being equal, people must not be rewarded because they fall into a certain class of people. That is not the original purpose of Affirmative Action.Conclusion Currently, the United States is the most powerful nation on earth. It wields great influence in the international scene as no other country can and this emerges because of the country’s wealth as well as its strategic global alliances. The government projects an image of international sentinel against the â€Å"bad boys,† the terrorist and the extremists. It also assumes within its control the task of defending the underdog against the supposed bullies, which are the nations ruled by tyrants or those that coddles communists and terrorists.One hundred years ago, the United States was just an emerging super power, while enjoying the growing wealth from its industrialist economy. As expected, there is a huge difference between the United States’ international standing in 1906 and today. As the US gains more wealth, it also earns more voice and authority in international af fairs. References Affirmative Action. Encyclopedia of Small Business. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2009 at:

Why Do Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Essay

Why Do Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example His doctrines have influenced both religious and political lives of the Muslim community through teachings of Allah as stated in the Quran. As a religious leader, Prophet Muhammad taught his followers the doctrines of his master Allah. He imparted the knowledge of what his master like and the way he expects his followers to behave (Petras & Eastman-Abaya, the Caricature of Middle East). Therefore, he taught people to forgive each other and live as united family of one father. Prophet Muhammad told his followers to revere no other master beside Allah. Therefore, his teachings about Allah have transformed his followers to trust in their god and put his teachings into practice (Legacy of a Prophet). This is one of the reasons why Muslims respect their fellow Muslims and have greater concern for their needy in the society. It is through the teachings of Prophet Muhammad that the Muslim faith was established to form a different community based on faith and principles of Allah. Muhammad introduced Quran for guiding his followers on various issues. Muslims believe that Quran was confessions of Prophet Muhammad who was reflecting the principles of Allah (Legacy of a Prophet). Since then, Quran has remained vital in learning of Islamic and teaching the Muslim followers on the will of Allah. This holy book is also essential in guiding Muslims who wish to pursue political leadership in the state. For example, Muhammad was a humble servant who never sought to enrich himself by grabbing public property (Petras & Eastman-Abaya, the Caricature of Middle East). He condemned oppression of the poor and emphasized on helping the needy in the society. The life of Muhammad has significantly influenced the lives of his followers in a number of ways (Legacy of a Prophet). Quran gives guidance on how people should relate with each other. It also directs Muslims on how remain trustworthy in marriages and businesses as stated

Reynold Defense Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reynold Defense Firm - Essay Example Moreover, the communication strategy eliminates issues of delay and client dissatisfaction, which may have adverse impacts on the business activities of the firm. The media channels allow the firm to exploit an environmental advantage since our services don’t discriminate customers on grounds of financial strengths. The call services provide free consultation opportunities a move not experienced with most legal firms. In matters of dependability to offer legal assistance with no emphasis on financial gain, the firm is a winner. Their services get based on the founders numerous encounters with the legal system on issue majoring with DUI. The members of staff have developed efficient communication skills that allow for the delivering of quality responses customized so that it can suit the prevailing situation. Other than the online communication media, the firm has a newsletter that outlines some of the developing issues relating to the legal system. In these newsletters, the firm provides several remedies and measures that people should take when faced with a criminal or DUI charge. Individuals can also email the firm outlining their charges to receive free advice or seek representation in any region in Oregon. All media channels adopted ensure a successful dialog between the clients and a legal representative from the

Should some of the possessory type drug offenses that are now Essay

Should some of the possessory type drug offenses that are now prosecuted such as marijuana cocaine and heroin be repealed and instead become legalized regulated and taxed - Essay Example The following paragraphs will present one’s justifications for believing that now is the time to make the necessary changes with regards to the policies on drugs. The first reason why one believes that the drug trade should be legalized is because its being prohibited has paved the way for huge opportunities for organized crime (Husak , par 113). Black marketers abound because the trade is not legal. It is believed that most organized crimes are funded through the sale of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and heroin (Husak , par 113). Furthermore, most of these drugs have become expensive because of their being illegal and not because of their high manufacturing cost. This being the case, most of its users commit property crimes just to be able to purchase the drugs. These crimes could be prevented if these drugs will be legalized, since it will command lower prices (Husak , par 115). Another rationale why one thinks laws against illegal drugs should be eradicated is that it has led to widespread corruption within the law enforcement agencies (Husak , par 114). Because of the huge sums of money involved in the trade of illicit drugs, several police officers have become involved in its trade. The government is losing millions because of the illegal trade of illicit drugs. One believes that if the sale of these drugs will be decriminalized, the government will benefit from the taxes that will be imposed on its trade. On the contrary, if the government continues to stop its trade, only the black marketers and the organized drug syndicates will benefit from it. Due to the prohibition of drugs like heroin or marijuana, more people become interested and curious to use it. This is what is termed as the â€Å"forbidden fruit† phenomenon (Husak , par 118). In fact, in Netherlands, once marijuana was decriminalized, the use started to decline

Research Methodologies in Communication Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methodologies in Communication - Research Paper Example In the field of communication, quantitative research seeks to establish communication as a behavioral science. The researchers using this method use the scientific models to show the effect of different aspects of communication. Some of the research areas include areas such as, the effect of medical marijuana advertisements on the American population, and the effect of violence games on children. The qualitative research methods produce reliable and quantifiable data that can be generalized to represent a greater population. The weakness that this method has is that it removes the research from the human behavior perspective (Weinreich1996). This makes the information to lose touch with reality by ignoring the factors that were not included in the research. Qualitative research methods are important in exploring a singular occurrence of importance. The methods used include interpretation of data and observation through personal interviews and ethnography. These research methods seek to explain a research question or problem from the perspective of the population that the research is conducted (Mack, Song et al. 2011). When it comes to matters dealing with opinions, behavior, values as well as social contexts of a community, qualitative research methods are effective to do the research. Using this method is advantageous in that it describes complex situations of how people deal with, or perceive a particular research issue. In examining the occurrence, they make reference to the full context of the phenomenon.

Business Transformation of Moevenpick Hotels and Resorts using VRINE, Essay

Business Transformation of Moevenpick Hotels and Resorts using VRINE, CAGE and Corporate Entity (Diversification) Frameworks - Essay Example MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG has focused on expanding into its traditional regions of Europe, Africa, Middle East and Asia. Such diversified presence in various regions of the world therefore indicates that it has been able to successfully expand in different markets. In this paper I will be concentrating on the MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG to seek the possibility of transforming the company using the VRINE model, CAGE as well as Corporate Entity (Diversification) models for better opportunities and higher market share. MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG manages 70 hotels of a total of 17,646 rooms in 24 countries in the market of upscale business hotels, holiday resorts and residences. Business hotels are 57% of the company’s managed hotels; resorts are 32% of the company’s managed hotels and 11% cruises. MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG has five regional offices in; Zurich acting as the corporate office for MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG and managing the region of Europe, Thailand, managing the region of Asia Pacific, United Arab Emirates, managing the region of the Middle East and India, Shanghai, Managing the region of China and Cairo, Managing the region of Africa. It is an analytical framework suggesting that an organization with resources and capabilities which are Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, Non-substitutable and Exploitable will gain a competitive advantage in the market. (Quizlet, 2012). It is however, critical to understand what actually resources and capabilities are and how they can actually provide a firm its overall competitive advantage over other firms in the industry. Barney (Cited in Peng and South-Western, 2008:3) defined the resources as ‘The tangible and intangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies’ while capability is a firm’s ability to make use of its resources in a highly productive way. (Santiago, 2003) Resources can be either tangible such as land and

The Normal Distribution and Probability Research Paper

The Normal Distribution and Probability - Research Paper Example The variable of interest, as with any other ratio variable, has a true zero point. That is, it is possible for a participant to not type any word in one minute but may not be able to type any lower than that value. This true zero point is what separates interval level variables from ratio level variables (Agresti & Finlay, 2009, p. 107). Ratio level of measurement is considered the highest level of measurement because many descriptive statistics computations and inferential statistics techniques may be performed on such measures (Cohen, 1988, p. 53). Specifically, it is possible to find the mode (though not applicable on this particular example), median, mean, range, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation for ratio level measures. This variable is normally distributed because the values that it takes may be scattered on a plot, approximating a symmetric bell-shaped curve (Kazmier, 2004). That is, the graph is more concentrated on the central values and symmetrically decreases on both side of the bell-shaped graph. This is possible because more people can type the â€Å"average† range of values for words per minute and as these values go to the extremes (whether extreme high or extreme low), fewer people fall into those values. In terms of central tendencies, it is to be expected that the mean, median, and modal value for number of words typed per minute would be most likely the same value (Agresti & Finlay, 2009). Furthermore, since the sample size is quite large, normal distribution of data points almost always follows (Rubin, 2009). In a normal distribution, the probability value of a particular score is the likelihood of that score occurring in the sample data (which may be carried over to the population). In this particular example, it is the percentage of participants that typed a particular number of words per minute. Moreover, a

Competence in the Work Environment Essay Example for Free

Competence in the Work Environment Essay 2.1Compare the strengths and weaknesses of assessment methods. Assessment can take place in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, lecture rooms, workplaces (or in a simulation of workplace conditions), community and training establishments or examination halls. No matter where it takes place or what form it takes, assessment always involves observation, evaluation, or questioning or a combination of some or all of the three. There are many different methods of assessment, a few regularly used are:-observation, evaluation or questioning. Whether they are used formatively or summatively, the most important issue is whether the assessment is appropriate for the intended outcome. Each learner is initially given a learning styles questionnaire to complete. From this questionnaire the assessor can establish which from assessment may suit the learner best. Observation The assessor observes the learners as they carry out tasks defined in the standards for the qualification. This observation often takes place in the workplace, or the conditions of the workplace, but it can also be carried out in any other place where the learner is undertaking practical activities which is a positive. Assessors should ideally plan observations to take advantage of any skills or activities that occur naturally in the learning environment, and to make the best use of the available resources. There are times however when an assessor may spontaneously observe a learner carry out a task which can be written up as an observation. One of the weaknesses of observations is that some learners amy beome self –concious or shy/embarresed and feel they are ‘being watched and graded’. The residents or clients may also act differently if they are aware that an observation is taking place and can lead to a distorted picture of the true nature of the learners role . Evaluation In some areas, as learners work towards achieving their qualifications they will generate evidence in the form of products of their work. This is the case in qualifications in Health and Social care for instance which is primarily a work-based or practical qualification. Learners may produce CVs, diet plans, weight charts, reflective accounts which can all be used to assess their knowledge in a chosen subject area. These can be incredibly posistive and allow the learner to reflect and be proud of his/her practices and positives. The weakness with evalution is that it has to be done correctly, with enough time to explore areas that may need extra work and encourage the learner in a positive way. Questioning and discussions with the learner Questioning can be used whenever an assessor wants to assess knowledge and understanding and the various different applications of knowledge such as reasoning, planning, analysing and evaluating. Questioning can be used to: * confirm knowledge and understanding where it is not apparent from performance * Address gaps in knowledge and understanding in performance based units * Authenticate evidence by asking learners to explain part of the evidence and/or describe the process of producing it * Assess contingencies where it would not be practical or safe to wait until the skill or activity can be observed * You can use oral or written questions, depending on the requirements of the outcomes of units being assessed and the circumstances of the assessment. Your choice of method should reflect any special assessment requirements your learners may have. For example, some learners do not respond well to written questions — in any case, you should always ensure that the appropriate reading level is used Discussions give the assessor the opportunity to gauge the learner’s knowledge and highlight areas lacking which can be taught at a later date. A weakness in discussions and questioning is that the assessor has to be careful not to lead or prompt or give the answer to the learner as it may not be valid. Outcome 3Understand how to plan assessment 3.1Key factors when planning assessment When planning an assessment there are a number of factors to be considered. Who are you assessing? What do you want them to achieve? Where will the assessment take place? How long do you have? Once you have answered these you then need to look at applying a holistic approach. Using a holistic approach means that many areas of work and outcomes can be covered at the same time. The assessment process isn’t just about watching a learner complete a task it is about, discussion, planning, implementing and reflection. Areas of risk that may be involved when I assess a learner in the care setting are minimal but may still arise. An example of this would be assessing a learner carrying out a manual handling task. Has the learner had the appropriate training to carry out the task? Is there a piece of equipment involved and has it been tested for use. Is the learner competent and confident to carry out the task? Do I feel that I have assessed any risk involved and am I happy for my learner to proceed? If I am not happy at anytime then the assessment will be stopped and a further risk assessment carried out. During the initial meeting the learner will have completed a Learning Styles Questionnaire, this should have highlighted any areas such as advanced learning needs or dyslexia and the planning of an assessment should take this into consideration. 3.2 Benefits of using holistic assessment Using a holistic assessment enables the assessor to cover a large range of outcomes in a number of diploma units with one piece of evidence. Holistic assessment may for example cover infection control and manual handling. By referencing outcomes well the learner will see that good progress is being made and opportunities area taken. It saves time from both the learners and the assessor’s point of view. 3.3 How to apply holistic assessment when planning assessment As the assessor meets with the learner and plans each technical certificate or unit of work they should be thinking about how best a holistic assessment would fit into the plan and how it can be cross referenced. The learner must then be in agreement and sign the plan. 3.4Summarise the types of risk that may be involved in assessment When talking about ‘risk’ there are a number of different kinds. There is physical/environmental risk to learner, client and assessor and there is emotional/psychological risk. Environmental issues in care setting such as fire, health and safety, trip hazards, the clients themselves. Emotionally learners could feel they are being pushed if too much work is given at once or they may not feel they are being challenged enough. This creates unrealistic and unnecessary risk stress on the learner and is far from beneficial and conducive to good work being produced. 3.5.1 How to minimise risks through the planning process. Plan number one that is produced with the learner will have ensured that the learner is working in safe conditions and if needed any risk assessments have been done, i.e. if the learner is under 18 years old. The plan will also check that the employer’s insurance liability is up to date. The assessor will discuss with the learner how best to handle their work load to cause minimum stress. Some learners prefer large assignments whilst others prefer small chunks at a time. By knowing your learner you will know whether their work is authentic and justifiable, it is important that they are told about not copying and pasting articles as their own work and explain to them what plagiarism is. Outcome 4Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4.1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process There are a large number of reasons why it’s so important to involve the learner in assessment. The diploma is for the candidate, it’s their work, and there goals and they need to feel as if they own it. By clear involvement the learner will know what is expected from them and clearly understand the standards and criteria. By involving others in the planning such as senior colleagues and managers then witness statements can be provided, time allocated for learning and support. 4.2 Types of information available to learners. In order for a learner to complete their diploma they should be given any necessary teaching and resources. This may include handouts, oral teaching sessions and websites to look at. Other types of information are items such as standards and the criteria they need to meet. The learner will be told how the evidence is gathered an in what format such as written accounts, reflective accounts, observations. 4.3 How can peer and self-assessment be used to promote learner involvement and responsibility? 4.4How can assessment arrangements be adapted to meet the needs of the individual learner? Each candidate’s assessment needs must be considered in relation to the assessment being undertaken. Most candidates will require more than one assessment arrangement. For example, candidates who have a visual impairment, hearing imparient or advanced learning needs . Outcome 5Understand how to make assessment decisions 5.1 When judging evidence we use the following terms:- Valid, authentic, current and sufficient. When assessing a learner’s evidence as an assessor I have to be satisfied that the work submitted is the learners own work and not plagiarised from a book or the internet. It is often easy to tell when this happens as the terms used and flow of the writing changes. Within the realms of health and social care the standards, policies and procedures are continually updated to ensure national standards are met, with this in mind it is important that the learners work is current and up to date with knowledge that his relevant and not historical. I also have to consider whether the work submitted is sufficient, has it covered the entire outcome required and does it show an understanding of the subject. 5.2 In order for assessment decisions to be reliable and fair between learners there are a set of learning outcomes and criteria that have to be achieved. Each learner is made aware of these outcomes and criteria and their work should demonstrate this. Each learner is assessed against the criteria and outcomes. Outcome 6Understand how your assessments contribute to the quality assurance of assessment 6.1 6.2 6.3 There is great importance of quality assurance in the assessment process as it shows whether the performance targets are being met against national standards that are in place. Within my workplace all work is quality assured by an Internal Verifier (IV). The IV is qualified and occupationally competent in the subject that they verify. The role of the IV is to provide support, advice and guidance to the assessing team. The IV holds regular standardisation meetings with the assessors and also gives one-to-one support and feedback on learner’s portfolios. When the portfolios of learners have been assessed and internally verified, and all the assessment criteria have been met, the IV should arrange for the centre to apply for certification for those learners. This will prompt a visit from the External Verifier to confirm the assessment and verification decisions made at the centre. The IV is responsible for ensuring that the details of the learners applying for certification, the assessor(s) involved, and the IV activity in relation to those assessors. The EV will visit the centre to verify the assessment and internal verification decisions made by centre staff. Where there are large numbers of learners this is normally done on a sampling basis. The sample is selected by the EV, to allow them to verify the work of all assessors across a range of evidence types and performance criteria and is based on the IV’s sampling plan. It may be necessary for the EV to sample more portfolios than was originally planned, or all the portfolio s in the group, so all portfolios should be available on the day of the EV’s visit. If a learner feels †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Outcome 7Understand how to manage information relating to assessment of occupational competence 7.1 7.2 It is important to follow procedures for the management of information relating to assessment for a number of reasons. The assessor should regularly update learning records to provide accurate information on the learner’s achievement. At my place of work we use a computer system called ‘Zylab’ which tracks each learner’s progress through a colour chart system. The up to date information contributes to evidence of quality assurance and standardisation, pointing out learners that need extra help or who are falling behind. I use the Zylab forms to show my learners how they are progressing, to see a visual representation of progress and can be extremely rewarding and increases willingness to learn and achieve. The use of feedback and questioning during the assessment process allows me as an assessor to clarify and judge the learners understanding and knowledge in certain areas. Giving critical feedback to someone is a delicate process. It is very important to assure that you approach the task with sensitivity to the persons feelings to avoid the common problem of a very defensive reaction. An example of giving positive, negative and positive feedback is:- You really did an excellent job with that Communication essay everybody has been very impressed! In the future, it would be better to avoid naming people that havent accepted all the methods you outline. Its great that you put so much thought into this and a lot of people are going to benefit from it! This is often referred to as a feedback sandwich. Outcome 8Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8.1 The organisation that I work for has legal requirements, polices and procedures in relation to assessment. Each visit to see a learner I ask whether there have been any incidents that have occurred, either emotionally or from a health and safety perspective. If there has been then I check an incident form has been completed (if appropriate), what measures have been put in place to ensure it doesn’t happen again and I take time to listen to the learner express themselves. All work undertaken is dealt with in a confidential manner. No names of places, clients, service users or staff are used in portfolio evidence and the learner knows that they can talk to me in a confidential manner. Clear records of learning are kept for all learners as mentioned before we use Zylab sheets which must be updated every Friday. The organisation has a responsibility to ensure that all learners are given equal opportunity to develop and learn and the organisation recognises the diversity in each on e. 8.2 The use of technology can make in the assessment process is invaluable. I have a learner with advanced learning needs who really struggles with writing and spelling. To overcome this we use a Dictaphone and use the recording as oral evidence. The organisation now offers on line training which for many learners is ideal as the use of computers within day to day lives and workplaces becomes far more common. It has to be remembered though that there are older learners that we assess that don’t have the computer skills and would rather use a paper portfolio. Each learner needs to be assessed as an individual. 8.3 There are legal and best practice requirements that have to be met in relation to assessment with regards to gender, disability, race/culture/religion and language. Each learner that enrols on a course is initially assessed as to any factors which could lead to advanced learning needs. These needs may be due to language barriers, religion or culture. For every learning need identified the organisation has a duty to ensure each one is recognised and the appropriate support is given.

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science In March of 1918 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington and his assistant E. Cottingham, went to the island of Principe off the West Coast of Africa—with a second party stationed in Sobral, Brazil—to prepare for an experiment that would observe a total eclipse of the sun, and provide conclusive proof of Einstein’s theory of relativity.[1] On 29 May 1919 they photographed a solar eclipse providing the basis for Eddington’s claims of proving Einstein’s theory. The results of the experiment caused an international sensation, with Eddington being credited as the man who finally verified Einstein’s revolutionary theory. Recently, the experiment and its results have been the subject of debate. Eddington’s methods and the nature of the experiment have cast doubt over its validity. Considered within Irving Langmuir’s notion of ‘pathological science’, this paper argues that Eddington’s canonical experiment displays many symptom s associated with pathological science, showing the danger of performing scientific experiments with predictions already in hand, and that have been derived from theory alone. Regarding the theory of relativity, it was agreed that according to both Newton and Einstein’s theories, a strong gravitational field should have an effect on light rays. If Einstein’s theory were correct, light coming from the stars should be observably more bent during a solar eclipse as they pass through the sun’s gravitational field than in Newton’s theory. Einstein believed that a star’s light would be shifted twice as much. The expected displacements were 0.87 second of an arc in Newton’s theory versus 1.74 seconds of arc for Einstein’s.[2] Since the sun’s gravitational effect is much greater on light than that of the earth, a solar eclipse was the only way of experimentally verifying Einstein’s predictions. On the day of the experiment several problems existed. Skies were cloudy when the pictures were taken, and many problems were associated with the equipment. However, Eddington was able to obtain some useable dat a and presented the results at a special joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London on 6 November 1919.[3] The results from Sobral provided measurements from seven stars that gave a deflection of 1.98  ± 0.16 arc seconds, with results from Principe recorded at 1.61  ± 0.40 arc seconds.[4] As Peter Coles states, â€Å"Both were within the two standard errors of the Einstein value of 1.74 and more than two standard errors away from either zero or the Newtonian value of 0.87. Einstein had hit the jackpot.†[5] On December 18, 1953, Dr. Irving Langmuir—Nobel laureate in chemistry in 1932—gave a lecture at the Knolls Research Laboratory where he addressed, â€Å"the science of things that aren’t so†, giving examples of a problem he called ‘pathological science’.[6] Langmuir identified six ‘symptoms’ of pathological science: The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the intensity of the cause. The effect is of a magnitude that remains close to the limit of detectability; or, many measures are necessary because of the very low statistical significance of the results. Claims of great accuracy. Fantastic theories contrary to experience. Criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up on the spur of the moment. Ratio of supporters to critics rises up to somewhere near 50% and then falls gradually to oblivion.[7] While a case could be made that each one of these symptoms can be found in Eddington’s experiments, this paper will focus on two of them in particular—number two and number five. Experiments that fall into symptom number two have the common characteristic that they are very near the threshold of visibility of the eyes. The solar eclipse and the evidence it produced falls directly into this category. Collins and Pinch state, â€Å"It is as though a star whose light grazed the edge of the sun would appear to be displaced by a distance equivalent to the width of a penny viewed from a mile away.†[8] Problems arising from this symptom are that data is easily rejected. According to Langmuir, â€Å"If things were doubtful at all†, scientists â€Å"discard them or not discard them depending on whether or not they fit the theory.†[9] This is exactly what Eddington did with his results from Principe. He used only two photographic plates out of a total of 26 produced. From the plates, 18 were of very poor quality. These were completely ignored in his presentation and irrelevant to the experiment. His justification for this is related to the next sym ptom of pathological science. The fifth symptom maintains that any criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up at the spur of the moment. When confronted about the unused plates, Eddington justified ignoring the results by claiming they suffered from systematic error. However he was unable to produce any convincing evidence to show that this was the case. When he chose which observations to keep and which to throw away, Eddington had Einstein’s prediction very much in mind.[10] The general lessons to be learned from Eddington’s work relate to the difficulties encountered when performing an experiment to verify a prediction based off theory. In Eddington’s interpretation of the observations, he â€Å"seemed to confirm not only Einstein’s prediction about the actual displacement, but also his method of deriving the prediction from his theory—something that no experiment can do.†[11] Eddington claimed to confirm Einstein because he had used Einstein’s derivations in interpreting what his observations really were, with the further paradox that Einstein’s derivations only became accepted because Eddington’s observations appeared to confirm them—â€Å"Observation and prediction were linked in a circle of mutual confirmation rather than being independent of each other as we would expect according to the conventional idea of an experimental test.†[12] Henry H. Bauer argues that ‘pathological science’ is not scientific misconduct, and not done intentionally.[13] Eddington was not purposely misguiding the scientific community. He was victim to common problems confronted by all scientists, especially physicists. As Trevor and Pinch note, We have no reason to think that relativity is anything but the truth†¦but it is a truth which came into being as a result of decisions about how we should live our scientific lives, and how we should license our scientific observations; it was a truth brought about by agreement to agree about new things. It was not a truth forced on us by the inexorable logic of a set of crucial experiments.[14] Bibliography Bauer, Henry H. ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, pp.5-22. Coles, Peter. Einstein and the Total Eclipse. London: Icon Books, 1999. Collins, Harry and Pinch, Trevor. The Golem: what everyone should know about science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Langmuir, Iriving. ‘Pathological Science’. Trans R.N. Hall. Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953. 1 Footnotes [1] Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: what everyone should know about science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.44. [2] Peter Coles, Einstein and the Total Eclipse (London: Icon Books, 1999), p.52. [3] Coles, p.52. [4] Coles, p.52. [5] Ibid. [6] Irving Langmuir, â€Å"Pathological Science†, trans. R.N. Hall, Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953, section 3. [7] Ibid. [8] Collins and Pinch, The Golem, p.44. [9] Langmuir, ‘Pathological Science’, section 3. [10] Collins and Pinch, p.45. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Henry H. Bauer, ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, p.5. [14] Collins and Pinch, p.54.

Grammar Basics :: essays papers

Grammar Basics 1) Subject - The subject is the noun or the pronoun that performs the action of the verb in a sentence. In literary usage, the subject is the the idea about which something is being said. Predicate- The predicate of a sentence is the verb 2) Sentence - A sentence is a grammatical unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb. ex. Joey ran to catch the elevator. 3) Phrase - A phrase is two or more words in sequence that form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. A collection of grammatically-related words without a subject or without a predicate is considered a phrase. 4) Introductory Phrase - a phrased used in the beginning of a sentence of paragraph ex. "Friends, Romans, countrymen....lend me your ears!" 5) Conjunction - A conjunction is the part of speech that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences...such as and, but, and because. 6) Clause - A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes is the subject is implied). ex. I like to eat bagels Introductory Clause - An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. ex. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. Dependant Clause - A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. ex. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . 7) Antecedent - The word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to. ex. The teacher asked the children where they were going. Relative Pronoun - A pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has reference to an antecedent ex. The child who is wearing the hat. 8) Introductory Conjunction - 9) I went to the movies with Joey, Andrew, Amy, and Michelle Julie, Sara, and I went to the grocery store last night.

Bless Me Ultima :: essays research papers

Bless Me Ultima   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children in many cultures are forced into awkward situations, such as they are expected to make life long decision. Some children (usually boys) are forced to chose a bride at the very early ages. Others are to rule kingdoms, and palaces, and some even countries. In the novel Bless Me Ultima, Antonio experiences many difficult situations that are beyond his years and force him to mature much faster then other children his age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example Antonio is the cause of many of his parents fights that occur. They quarrel over what Antonio would be when he is older. Antonio’s mother wanted Antonio to be extremely intelligent, and she wanted him to grow up to be a priest. His mother once said â€Å"An education will make him a scholar, like–like the old Luna priest.†(54) His mother was not very educated, and tried to live her life through Antonio. She also talked a lot about bringing honor to the family. This is where the priest part comes in. Due to Tony’s mother being very religious she wanted Antonio to become a priest to bring honor to the family, and for him to have more of a relationship with â€Å"god†. Antonio’s father on the other hand did not agree with education, or Antonio becoming a priest. He thinks education is a waste of time and money. Antonio’s father grew up wandering on a horse back threw fields and meadows, never having any for mal education. His fathers dream is to own a vineyard, and to have his sons work on it together, and make it thrive. You did not need an education to juice grapes, and therefore it was not important to him. His father is not religous, and thinks its pointless for him to become a priests. His father did not have respect for priest, due to--------------. Antonio is towrn between his parents and searches for answers. He turns to Ultima for comfort â€Å"She understood that as I grew I would have to chose to be my mothers priest or my fathers son†(41). Although Ultima does not give Antonio straight answers on what he will grow to be she does help him through. Which is what he was longing for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another situation that Antonio was put in, was the witnessing of the many deaths that occurred during the novel and his young life. The first death Antonio witnessed was the death of Lupito.

Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism Essay -- Politi

Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism It is hard to believe that in 2002 there is still imperialism being practiced in the world, but the fact of the matter is, it is. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s territory or power by establishing dominance over other nations. A modern example of imperialism is the Congo. At the 1885 Berlin Conference, where the European powers carved up most of Africa among themselves, they sanctioned the claim of Belgian King Leopold II to sole authority over the Congo, a land mass 75 times the area of Belgium. The Congo was virtually his private property. He wiped out some 10 million people, around half the population, in his determination to extract every last penny of profit.[1] The Congo, later renamed Zaire, and now called the Democratic Republic of Congo, is endowed with immense mineral wealth in. At the time of the rise of the independence movement in 1958, Congo was among the world's largest producer of copper, uranium, cobalt, industrial diamonds, and rubber.[2] In the late 1950s and early 1960s there was a mass movement of resistance against the Belgian government. At the forefront of this struggle was Patrice Lumumba. In October 1958 Lumumba, a former postal employee, helped to found the Congolese National Movement (MNC), the first nationwide Congolese political party.[3] MNC gained much mass appeal because it united the Congolese people across the divisions of language and culture in a struggle against the imperialist rulers. The Belgian government buckled under the pressure of the resistance and reluctantly agreed to declare June 30, 1960 Independence Day and to hold free elections. MNC won more seats then any other party and Lu... ... the Congolese people when he wrote, â€Å"This is a fearsome story of colonial brutality, of the way in which the United Nations serves the world's major powers, and of the primacy of profit over democracy.†[9] People from South Korea to Puerto Rico are struggling against imperialism. Lumumba’s fight has been documented in numerous books and movies. It is important that oppressed people learn from other oppressed people in the movement to end imperialism. [1] Charlie Kimber, Dark Heart of Imperialism, Issue 92 of â€Å"International Socialism Journal,† Autumn 2001, http://www.isj1text.ble.org.uk/pubs/isj92/kimber.htm [2] Brian Williams, Imperialism vs. Congolese Freedom Struggle, Issue 28/Vol 65 â€Å"The Militant,† July 23 2001, http://www.themilitant.com/2001/6528/652852.html [3] Ibid [4] Ibid [5] Ibid [6] Kimber [7] Ibid [8] Ibid [9] Ibid

Rewarding System Coca Cola

Rewarding system For the Coca Cola Company it is important to pay well the employees. Furthermore rewarding is also important because it contributes on the employees performances. Coca Cola uses two rewarding system based on: * function * performance Coca Cola rewards its employees through the function reward system. For the blue-collar workers the reward is based according to the length of service. For the white-collar workers, the higher you rise in the hierarchy the more the percentage rises. There is a degree structure created by functions. An external agency makes the job description and weighs it.Then points are given for each function. For example: Function/Category| Points| A| 250| B| 200190180| C| 165152| D| 140| Employees are also reward based on their performance. The two rewarding systems are the Financial and the Relational. On the financial aspects you have the pay and the benefits. On the relational aspect you have learning & development and the work environment. Emplo yees care about financial rewards but nowadays they also want relational rewards. They want to be developed (training & development), recognition and work in a good working environment.The picture below shows an overview of the rewarding system. Financial rewards Coca cola offers fringe benefits such as: * Company car * Pension plan * Disability (when someone is sick & has to stay at home) * Medical insurance (for employees and family) * Share purchase plan * Wellbeing initiatives (discounts on season tickets, cinema tickets,†¦) * Flexible working time * Meal vouchers Benchmarking Coca cola gets its wages to match those of competing companies. The company does Benchmarking. It buys studies of companies. The company makes surveys for wage request to have an idea.It compares with those of large multinationals. Because Coca cola wants to be number 1 the top performance. Some of those multinationals are: Procter & Gamble, Unilver, Danone†¦ Pay rise Employees can get pay rise a fter a feedback discussion about their performances. The pay rise is based on 2 aspects: * Performances (Matrix) * Points (by category) On the table you can see how an employee starts and evolves. At the end if he is performing well he can get pay rise. | | | | Fase| ontwikkelen| vakvolwassene| groeien| | v| v| v| de werknemer begint| martktconform betalen| wn doet meer dan wat er van hem verwacht wordt. -> tijd voor promotie + boven betalen| For the payments Coca Cola uses the Merit Matrix Exempts. The more you go to the right the better the employee is paid. The highest is the Exceeds. The more you go below the lower you get paid. | Developing range| At Market range| High to Market range| Exceeds| Min-Max| Min-Max| Min-Max| Meets & Exceeds| Min-Max| Min-Max| Min-Max| Meets| Min-Max| Min-Max| Min-Max| Meets Some / Developing| Min-Max| Min-Max| Min-Max| Does Not Meet| 0%| 0%| 0%|As I mentioned before each function/category has its points. When you grow in a category you rise with %. The maximum rise (from D) = a little bit more than the minimum above (C). F/C| Points| Benefits| A| 250| Bonus, company car| B| 200190180| Bonus, company car| C| ————————————————- ABOVE ————————————————- MARKT BELOW 165152| Company car| D| 140| commission| The wages differences are mostly based on the employees function. But differences are also based according to the length of service.

Keep Fit

How to keep fit and get healthy lifestyle ? 1. Doing aerobic exercise regularly helps to keep fit and help to get healthy lifestyle. 2. Think daily or meditate this an important way and good way to get healthy lifestyle. 3. Physical activity is essential to healthy living. 4. The body was meant to move, and when it doesn't, it can become unhappy and ill. Physical activity stimulates the body's natural maintenance and repair system that keep it going. Activity improve circulation to our heart and lungs.It gives us strength to stare off injuries . And it increases the mobility in our muscles and joints. Physical activity is good for the body and the mind. Exercises include brisk walking, cycling, dancing, swimming, and rowing. 5. Eating healthy food very important . What you put into your body directly effects how you feel physically, your mood, your mental clarity and even your skin. Eating healthy doesn't mean eating expensive food. 6. Reduce stress help to good life. So we should re duce stress to get healthy life.Stress happens when your life become out of balance physically, mentally and emotionally. This imbalance can be caused by internal stress like worrying too much, environmental stress like pressure from work , family or friends. Or by stress from being fatigued or overwork. Being stressed has the potential to affect your health in a variety of ways. Because from stress you become tired, sick, tense, irritable and unable to think clearly. If you want to live healthy lifestyle, you will need to manage the stress in life.

Recruitment and Staffing Proposal Essay

In follow up to your request, I drafted a recruitment and selection proposal for your review. The proposed methods for the senior level positions will streamline our processes and align them to the organization’s business strategy. My proposal includes: Three recruitment methods. Three selection methods. A cost/benefit analysis and comparison of the approaches. Metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of the ongoing recruitment and selection. Recommendations. As part of our recruitment and selection strategy, it is very important to assess the candidate’s true interest in our organization and their position within the organization. A bad hiring decision at the senior level can have extensive implications that could impact the direction, strategy and operations of the company causing a negative impact to the company’s bottom line. After you review the proposal, please contact me to coordinate a follow-up discussion. Thank you, HR Director Cost/benefit analysis Purpose The purpose of this cost-benefit analysis is to determine which recruitment and selection methods are the best options for HSS to perform for senior level positions. Overview The following is a brief overview of the methods analyzed in this document. Recruitment Methods Internal Recruitment – This is accomplished by choosing among current  employees to fill a position that falls vacant over time. It can be achieved by a promotion or a lateral move. Executive Search Firm – This is executed by hiring a recruiting company to research viable candidates working for competitors or related businesses. Social Media – This is executed by coordinating candidate sourcing through social media such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter . Selection Methods Assessment Centers – A candidate can undergo a series of standardized tests conducted by trained assessors. The exercises may include comprehensive interviews, individual and/or group simulation activities, and work-related performance. A good test would be to ask a potential employee to look at a profit and loss statement and describe how best to increase the sales. The content, instructions, and time allowed must be the same for all candidates. The results would be evaluated by a panel of trained assessors (SHRM). Structured Interviews – Uses a list of predetermined questions. All candidates are asked the same set of situational and/or behavioral questions; however, the follow-up probes may be different. These interviews ensure that similar information will be gathered from all candidates. References – The purpose is to obtain information about the candidate’s behavior and work performance from prior employers that could be critical to our decision. Costs/Benefits Method Cost Benefit Recruitment Internal Recruitment Internal labor cost for a 6 month timeframe: HR Director & HR Generalist @ 30-40 hours (5-6 hours per week) = $2,200-$3,000 Cost effective, supports positive employee morale and retention, candidate is familiar with the business, provides opportunities for promotions and we can access known past performance. Executive Search Firm 20% – 30% of first year salary = $20,000 – $30,000 Reduces time of recruitment, broad range of candidates, can bring new talent/ideas and we can gain knowledge, experience and contacts from recruiter. Social Media No fees Low cost publicity, attracts a variety of workers, directs more traffic to our company’s website and enhances company branding. Selection Assessment Center Up to $2,000 for each candidate 3 candidates = $6,000 (Hale) More reliable than traditional testing, reduces charges of political favoritism, they can predict short and long term success and does not produce an adverse impact. Structured Interviews Internal labor cost for a 6 month timeframe: 5 employees @ 10 hours = $2,100 Ensures that similar information will be gathered from all candidates and reduces equity concerns. References Internal labor cost for a 6 month timeframe: HR Generalist @ 20 hours = $529 The supervisor will know the candidate’s work performance and be able to confirm employment and compare similarity of jobs. Comparative Cost/Benefit Summary While internal recruitment is the most economical method for recruitment, it is not always the best method. This is good for employee morale; however, we should look externally as well to ensure that we identify the ideal candidate. An external candidate can offer a fresh perspective that would help our organization move to the next level. Executive search firms are expensive; however, they can provide current market intelligence on our  competitors. Also, they could deter the risk of litigation if selection decisions prove to be discriminatory. By hiring an external candidate, the employee can take HSS in a different direction by introducing new perspectives. According to Jobvite, a leading recruiting platform, â€Å"One of six job seekers polled credited a social network for leading to their current/most recent employment. The goal of using social media as a recruiting tool is to create a buzz about your organization, share stories of successful employees, and tout an interestin g culture†. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube are excellent places to obtain a media presence to attract a variety of candidates. Social Media can enhance our employer branding through these tools to attract the most suitable talent by engaging passive job candidates with no external cost. We can capitalize on our reputation to attract large numbers of potential job seekers. If we are able to improve our branding, we can save money on traditional recruiting methods because viable candidates will be asking us to hire them. The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) suggests that organizations should not use social networks as the only recruiting tool because â€Å"not every job seeker uses social media†. This could cause adverse impact † on those who are economically less advantaged, which may correlate with certain racial and ethnic groups†. Structured interviews makes it possible to compare qualifications and reduce equity concerns at low internal costs. Telephone reference interviews are the best way to get more depth about the candidate’s character and background. â€Å"Past performance is the best predictor of future success† (SHRM). Assessment centers can be expensive; however, their tests are more valid because the candidates would be evaluated by many different experts. According to a journal written by Gunderson and Haynes, â€Å"Numerous studies have determined that the assessment center method has greater validity for promotion and selection than traditional techniques. Having been developed on the basis of job analysis, it is inherently valid and has proven to be a better indicator of future success than any other tool yet devised†. Furthermore, if they are easy to defend if challenged due to their fairness and objectiveness. Based on a study by the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), they stated that â€Å"In terms of the organizational needs, when the company was dealing with a cultural or strategic change, executives were more likely to be successful  if they were promoted from within rather than hired from the outside†. This is due to the employee’s familiarity with the company and established relationships. Metrics After we implement the new processes, we will evaluate them to ensure that they were cost-effective, timely and, most significantly, that we hired the right employees. Information gathered may be invaluable for further recruiting and to ensure HSS is meeting its goals. There are many metrics to track recruitment results, including the following: Measure the turn-over rate to determine if we have a balance of new employees and experienced staff. Employees leaving in large numbers may indicate that we did not use the right method of recruitment and selection to find the right employee. Measure the cost of turnover – all of the costs associated with replacing a new employee (recruitment costs, selection costs, training costs, etc.). Evaluate the job performance reviews. A good way to measure is to look at the performance evaluations of new employees after the initial 6-month probation period and 1 year anniversary. Solicit employee feedback on what they thought of the recruitment and selection methods. Getting their measurement data will help us make an informed decision. Ask them if the recruitment and selection methods had any effect on their decision whether to accept the position. Positive feedback indicates a measurement of doing it right. Measure the number of days from the vacancy being posted to the time it was filled. Measure the cost per hire and check to see if we stayed within budget. Measure the number and qualifications of the applicants for the position. Measure the time it took for the new employee to get acclimated to the new position. Selection ratios—the number of a group selected as a percentage of the total number recruited. Recommendations Our recruitment and selection process needs to change to adapt to the evolution of technology. We will need to start with an organizational needs assessment to define and assess the work environment (Sessa & Campbell); we can analyze the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, goals and trends. The assessment will help us to develop a profile of our ideal candidate and to construct a valid set of questions to use in our interviews. The next  step should consist of reviewing the job description. This will help us to define the job postings. This will also help develop our recruitment strategy. Then we can review the recruitment and selection processes that are listed in the cost and benefit analysis. I recommend that we use all of the methods that I listed. The costs for contracting an assessment center and an executive search firm may be high; however, I feel that the costs are fair trade-offs, considering the level of the positions. Furthermore, we can hire a contingent executive search firm so we do not have to pay any fees unless we hire the candidate. Each tool is an excellent approach. However, if we diversify our methods, we can have a stronger opportunity in hiring an ideal senior level employee. Conclusion Today, our competitors are using a variety of methods to attract the ideal candidate. Since we are a young company and we are projecting that we are going to have more than 200 employees in the next five years, we need to strengthen our recruiting and selection methods for our senior level positions to ensure that we have the right people in place and be at the cutting edge. We can achieve this by implementing all of the methods that I described in my cost/benefit analysis. Hiring the wrong person for the job can be a costly mistake. References Executive Selection A research report on what works and what doesn’t [Review [Title of Reviewed Work], by V. I. Sessa, R. Kaiser, J. K. Taylor, & R. J. Campbell]. (1998). Retrieved September 26, 2014, from http://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/research/ ExecutiveSelection.pdf Gunderson, G. J., & Haynes, B. R. (2000). Assessment technology: Its use in improving leadership and management performance. Journal of Extension, 38. Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2000december/tt1.php Hale, C. (2005, April). Pros and cons of assessment centers. Retrieved September 17, 2014, from http://www.hendonpub.com/resources/article_ archive/results/details?id=3975 Jobvite. Retrieved May 10, 2013, from http://recruiting.jobvite.com/company/press-releases/2012/75-of-american-workforce-is-actively-seeking-or-open-to-new-jobs-jobvite-s-annual-social-job-seeker-survey-reveals/ Recruitment. (2013). In Society for Human Resource Management (Comp.),Workforce planning and employment (Vol. 2, pp. 164-233). Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. Segal, J. A. (2014, September 1). Social Media Use in Hiring: Assessing the Risks. Retrieved September 26, 2014, from SHRM website: http://www.shrm.org/publications/hrmagazine/ editorialcontent/2014/0914/pages/0914-social-media-hiring.aspx#sthash. Hxh35wT5.dpuf

Economics for Global Decision Makers

GB540:01 Economics for Global Decision Makers Week 3-Unit 3 Dr. Barbara-Leigh Tonelli May 15 2012 I. Introduction II. Competition for talent A. Recruiting III. Utilizing talent A. Cost B. Fit or fire IV. Ability to find talent A. Steps B. Actions V. Ability to attract talent A. Benefits B. Reputation VI. Ability to retain talent A. Communication B. Opportunities VII. Ability to develop talent A. Training B. Promotion VIII. Conclusion Introduction Effective hiring and personnel retention are keys to successful business. It can be easily argued that business success depends on human assets not material assets.Materialistic business components can be bought and replaced with an order, but the talent people can bring to an organization is not attained with the touch of a button. Hiring the right people is only a part of the successful business formula. Retaining quality people is also important to business success. What do firms need to do to attract and retain the most talented people a s well as utilization of their skills for company success? Competition for talent The advancements in travel and internet have made recruitment a global competition. It is not a secret that a successful business often has the most talented employees.Companies scramble to find the next and brightest in the workforce. Business managers know good hiring practices can be a strong foundation for any business. Bad hires can lead to business failure. They have to be creative in the ways they attract the most talented workers. Some companies have turned to recruiters and headhunters to attract the best candidates. Firms such as FESA Global Recruiters and CTPartners are often hired by companies to help attract the type of employee they feel meets its company needs. These companies will often seek out individuals they feel meet the criteria set by the hiring company.These companies specialize in placing the best candidates with the best companies. A company can avoid direct competition by out sourcing its recruiting needs. Recruiting companies have a network of people and resources it uses to match companies and people. (McCool (2008)) Utilizing talent If a company does not have the right people in the right job then it will find it harder to achieve and maintain long term business success. Bradford Smith conducted a survey and from his findings he discovered that miss-hires cost a company as much as twenty-four times the individuals base compensation. It takes more than talent to ensure success.A Manager has to hire the correct skills for the job. An employee may be the best wood cutter in the world but it does little good for a company that cuts diamonds. A company must hire people with the talents and skills it needs for its success. If a person does not have the skills needed then the company must be prepared to separate and hire someone with the needed skills to meet company needs. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002)) Ability to find talent How does a company find the talent it needs to ensure business success? There are a few steps the hiring manager can do to ensure the correct person is found. Some steps include: 1.Defining job requirements 2. Recruit for needs 3. Interview 4. Evaluate 5. Hire correct candidate When defining the job requirements the hiring manager needs to ensure the job responsibilities and requirements are outline so all potential applicants fully understand what the job entails. A hiring manager should only recruit for needs. If the applicant does not meet the company’s needs then the applicant does not need to be hired regardless of talent level on non-needed skills. The candidates must be interviewed and evaluated to ensure they have the skills and talents the company needs to fill. Finally they need to hire the correct candidate.The candidate can be the best at baking but if the company sells finance the skills do not match a need. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002)) Most companies do not rely on recruiter and headhunters to meet its hiring needs. Companies have turned to non-traditional methods to attract potential hires. These include 1. Job Fairs 2. Company Websites 3. Internet job sites such as Monster. com, CareerSite. com or CareerBuilders. com Companies use these sources as a way to fill its business needs. People also post resumes on some of the job sites listing their skills and abilities with the hope of landing a job or advancing their careers.Ability to attract talent Business managers know good hiring practices can be a strong foundation for any business. Bad hires can lead to business failure. The business has to be able to get the best talent to apply for its positions. There are several reasons why people change jobs. They can include 1. Salary 2. Benefits 3. Location Company reputation and prestige is also another factor that potential employees consider when looking at one company over another. A company with a successful business record is more likely to attract a more skilled workforce than a company that has a bad reputation. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002))Ability to retain talent Hiring decisions are among the most important decisions made by a manager but what can a company do to retain the talent once hired? According to Bradford Smith’s survey job satisfaction and promotional opportunities are two reasons people leave their jobs. Communication with its employees is an often overlooked aspect within a company’s structure. Employees can feel alienated by management when decisions are being made without employee impute. An easy way to eliminate this is to keep communications open with all employees. Meetings and suggestion boxes are a great way to keep communication lines open.Open communication is a great way to find out if employees are finding the satisfaction they desire within the job they are working. Employees also want the opportunity for career advancement. Businesses that tend to bottle neck its management po sitions have no choice but to lose good employees as they look elsewhere for the chance to further their careers. This can be frustrating to business and is very hard to prevent in today’s job market. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002)) Ability to develop talent A company cannot always hire for its needs. Sometimes employees have to be developed from within the company itself.Specialized training is one way a company develops its own talent. Once a Company figures out what it needs it can develop a training program to ensure it always has enough trained employees to ensure its long term success. This is especially true in manufacturing companies. A successful company will also include promotional opportunities in its development chain. As employees grow they will feel the need to promote. Promotion will help employees develop a sense of ownership and pride. A company that is able to develop its own workforce will be rewarded with a strong business. Cappelli (2009)) Conclus ion Businesses acknowledge that finding, retaining, and developing talent is one its toughest business challenges. To help ease the challenges Companies have developed different approaches for success. They include identifying what makes sense for the business, what type of employees it needs to attract and retain and what the employees wants to stay and be productive. People may argue that the job market favors employers because of the unemployment rate but if a person has the talent they will always be attractive to a company. Cappelli (2009)) Reference Cappelli, P (2009) Talent on Demand: Managing Talent in an Age of Uncertainty; Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA Harvard Business Review Press (2002) Hiring and Keeping the Best People; Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation; Boston, MA McCool, J. (2008) The World's Most Influential Headhunters as reviewed on May 12, 2012 at http://www. businessweek. com/managing/content/jan2008/ca20080131_400734. htm? chan=careers_s pecial+report++worlds+most+influential+headhunters_world%27s+most+influential+headhunters